The Narrative Of The Captivity And Restoration Of Mrs....

The Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson reveals that the ghastly depiction of the Indian religion (or what Rowlandson perceives as a lack of religion) in the narrative is directly related to the ideologies of her Puritan upbringing. Furthermore, Rowlandsons experiences in captivity and encounter with the new, or Other religion of the Indians cause her rethink, and question her past; her experiences do not however cause her to redirect her life or change her ideals in any way. The function of religion plays a significant role in the narrative, especially the dissimilarities between the narrators religious beliefs and the Other religion of her captors. More specifically the Puritan ideology of the†¦show more content†¦The terms and images Rowlandson uses signify black, hellish, devilish peoples who have no sense of civility. Furthermore the Indians, or Others, who are not Christian, and practice their own spiritual customs, are viewed as barbar ic and abnormal to Rowlandson. Rowlandsons interaction with the Other and her Puritan principles reveal a larger importance to the narrator. Rowlandson feels that her captivity is directly related to Gods will, and therefore believes that God is punishing her for sins she committed in her past. As a result she is determined to repent her sins to God, and devotes much of her time reading the bible, reciting scripture, and while she learns to adapt to her difficult situation, she is careful to maintain her ideals and integrity throughout the time she is detained. For example on the first Sabbath during Rowlandsons confinement she remarks, I remembered how careless I had been of Gods holy time: how many Sabbaths I had lost and mispent, and how evilly I had walked in Gods sight; which lay so close upon my Spirit, that it was easie for me to see how righteous it was with God to cut off the threed of my life, and cast me out if his presence for ever (16). It is clear from this statement t hat the narrator attaches her encounter with the Indians, or the Other as a reprimand fromShow MoreRelatedA Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, by Mary Rowlandson1483 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson† by Mary Rowlandson is a short history about her personal experience in captivity among the Wampanoag Indian tribe. On the one hand, Mary Rowlandson endures many hardships and derogatory encounters. However, she manages to show her superior status to everyone around her. She clearly shows how her time spent under captivity frequently correlates with the lessons taught in the Bible. Even though, the colonists possibly murderedRead More A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson944 Words   |  4 PagesThe Pressure to Assimilate in Mary Rowlandson’s A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson There are times when assimilation is not a choice but rather something is forced. In circumstances such as being taken hostage, the ability to survive must come at the price of assimilating ones own customs into another lifestyle. In February of 1675 the Native Americans who were at war with the Puritans obtained hostage Mary Rowlandson of the Plymouth colony. During this timeRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Captivity And The Restoration Of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson1422 Words   |  6 Pagesof twenty-four people. Mary Rowlandson was among these captives, and the resulting captivity narrative, titled The Narrative of the Captivity and the Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, published in 1682, is formed based on her memory. Rowlandson’s captivity narrative carried great significance in that it came to be used as a didactic Jeremiad, leading its Calvinist audience back towards God’s path and away from an allegorical wilderness. As a devout Calvinist, Rowlandson believes that her journeyRead MoreThe Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson1600 Words   |  7 PagesThe Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson reveals that the ghastly depiction of the Indian religion (or what Rowlandson perceives as a lack of religion) in the narrative is directly related to the ideologies of her Puritan upbringing. Furthermore, Rowlandsons experiences in captivity and encounter with the new, or Other religion of the Indians cause her rethink, and question her past; her experiences do not however cause her to redirect her life or change her idealsRead MoreA Narrative Of The Captivity And Restoration Of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson1042 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl† and â€Å"A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson† are both nonfiction narratives that describe the struggles of women in some form of captivity. The similarities between these two texts are in some ways incredibly obvious, for instance they are both written in the first person from the perspective of marginalized women struggling to merely survive. â€Å"Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl† specifically deals with the extreme level ofRead More Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson1366 Words   |  6 PagesNarrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson From the violent and brutal clash between Indians [1], and British colonists in Massachusetts during King Philips War (1675-6) grew a new literary genre. After their redemption, some colonists who had been prisoners of the Indians wrote autobiographical accounts of their experiences. These captivity narratives developed a large audience, and interest in the narratives continued into the nineteenth century.[2] After her captureRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Captivity And Restoration Of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson1031 Words   |  5 PagesMary Rowlandson Captivity and Spiritual Freedom The Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, or also known as The Sovereignty and Goodness of God, written by Mary Rowlandson is a powerful captivity narrative. Mary Rowlandson gives a first person perspective about her experience of being held captive during King Phillip’s War. Rowlandson lost everything by an Indian attack on her town. The Indian’s over took the town of Lancaster, catching homes on fire, killing and capturingRead MoreA Narrative Of The Captivity And Restoration Of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson982 Words   |  4 PagesA Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson The life one treasures and takes for granted today can be so easily erased in the blink of an eye and gone tomorrow. Therefore, not only is it important to cherish how one lives for today and now, but it’s also important to how one can overcome the misfortunes and hardships they may suffer; tragedy can make a person or break a person. Mary Rowlandson’s experience during her eleven weeks of captivity as documented in â€Å"A NarrativeRead MoreA Narrative On The Captivity And Restoration Of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson1670 Words   |  7 Pageswriting about the historical context of Mary Rowlandson’s, â€Å"A Narrative on the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson.† I am going to look at the entire historical background of Rowlandson’s narrative. The way I am going to explore this is how the readers back then would have interpreted Roland’s reference to Biblical verses, and her questioning of God’s role during her captivity. I pl an on using at least 2 sources for this assignment. Mary White Rowlandson was a colonial woman in America whoRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Captivity And Restoration Of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson1245 Words   |  5 Pagesof a captivity narrative, Mary Rowlandson’s memoir, â€Å"The Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson†, accurately reflects the respective formatting by which a subject is taken captive, describes the treatment and conditions of their stay, and dictates their hope of being rescued by means of divine intervention. Whilst Rowlandson’s narrative follows the correct standards of a captivity narrative throughout the time given with each â€Å"remove†, â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the The Narrative Of The Captivity And Restoration Of Mrs.... Discussing the proper criteria necessary for a literary work to meet the requirements of a captivity narrative, Mary Rowlandson’s memoir, â€Å"The Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson†, accurately reflects the respective formatting by which a subject is taken captive, describes the treatment and conditions of their stay, and dictates their hope of being rescued by means of divine intervention. Whilst Rowlandson’s narrative follows the correct standards of a captivity narrative throughout the time given with each â€Å"remove†, â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vassa, The African†, written by Olaudah Equiano, can also be considered as a captivity narrative, with the exception of†¦show more content†¦Here, they tied our hands, and continued to carry us as far as they could†¦ (Equiano 735) Within this passage, Equiano’s narrative demonstrates an abrupt encounter with a figure of harmful energy succeeding a time of tranquility within the community. In comparison to Mary Rowlandson’s experience of being taken as an object of collateral, her narration of the attack is marinated in violence and hostility. Rowlandson recalls being trapped in her home, witnessing the unleashing of a multitude of bullets sent toward her family, and proceeded to end the lives of her family without mercy. While Rowlandson also suffered the violence of a fiery war scene, both authors’ descriptions of their â€Å"taking† depict that of an immediate encounter with danger and the inability to resist the horror of forceful removal, as these are examples of methods by which captivity narratives are typically introduced to the reader (Campbell, Early American Captivity Narratives). A captivity narrative also features the subject’s strong desire to escape for freedom, yet struggles to execute a plan due to the suffering of newly-introduced oppression by their traffickers; â€Å"I thereforeShow MoreRelatedA Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, by Mary Rowlandson1483 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson† by Mary Rowlandson is a short history about her personal experience in captivity among the Wampanoag Indian tribe. On the one hand, Mary Rowlandson endures many hardships and derogatory encounters. However, she manages to show her superior status to everyone around her. She clearly shows how her time spent under captivity frequently correlates with the lessons taught in the Bible. Even though, the colonists possibly murderedRead More A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson944 Words   |  4 PagesThe Pressure to Assimilate in Mary Rowlandson’s A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandso n There are times when assimilation is not a choice but rather something is forced. In circumstances such as being taken hostage, the ability to survive must come at the price of assimilating ones own customs into another lifestyle. In February of 1675 the Native Americans who were at war with the Puritans obtained hostage Mary Rowlandson of the Plymouth colony. During this timeRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Captivity And The Restoration Of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson1422 Words   |  6 Pagesof twenty-four people. Mary Rowlandson was among these captives, and the resulting captivity narrative, titled The Narrative of the Captivity and the Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, published in 1682, is formed based on her memory. Rowlandson’s captivity narrative carried great significance in that it came to be used as a didactic Jeremiad, leading its Calvinist audience back towards God’s path and away from an allegorical wilderness. As a devout Calvinist, Rowlandson believes that her journeyRead MoreThe Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson1600 Words   |  7 PagesThe Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson reveals that the ghastly depiction of the Indian religion (or what Rowlandson perceives as a lack of religion) in the narrative is directly related to the ideologies of her Puritan upbringing. Furthermore, Rowlandsons experiences in captivity and encounter with the new, or Other religion of the Indians cause her rethink, and question her past; her experiences do not however cause her to redirect her life or change her idealsRead MoreA Narrative Of The Captivity And Restoration Of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson1042 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl† and â€Å"A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson† are both nonfiction narratives that describe the struggles of women in some form of captivity. The similarities between these two texts are in some ways incredibly obvious, for instance they are both written in the first person from the perspective of marginalized women struggling to merely survive. â€Å"Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl† specifically deals with the extreme level ofRead More Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson1366 Words   |  6 PagesNarrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson From the violent and brutal clash between Indians [1], and British colonists in Massachusetts during King Philips War (1675-6) grew a new literary genre. After their redemption, some colonists who had been prisoners of the Indians wrote autobiographical accounts of their experiences. These captivity narratives developed a large audience, and interest in the narratives continued into the nineteenth century.[2] After her captureRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Captivity And Restoration Of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson1031 Words   |  5 PagesMary Rowlandson Captivity and Spiritual Freedom The Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, or also known as The Sovereignty and Goodness of God, written by Mary Rowlandson is a powerful captivity narrative. Mary Rowlandson gives a first person perspective about her experience of being held captive during King Phillip’s War. Rowlandson lost everything by an Indian attack on her town. The Indian’s over took the town of Lancaster, catching homes on fire, killing and capturingRead MoreA Narrative Of The Captivity And Restoration Of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson982 Words   |  4 PagesA Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson The life one treasures and takes for granted today can be so easily erased in the blink of an eye and gone tomorrow. Therefore, not only is it important to cherish how one lives for today and now, but it’s also important to how one can overcome the misfortunes and hardships they may suffer; tragedy can make a person or break a person. Mary Rowlandson’s experience during her eleven weeks of captivity as documented in â€Å"A NarrativeRead MoreA Narrative On The Captivity And Restoration Of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson1670 Words   |  7 Pageswriting about the historical context of Mary Rowlandson’s, â€Å"A Narrative on the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson.† I am going to look at the entire historical background of Rowlandson’s narrative. The way I am going to explore this is how the readers back then would have interpreted Roland’s reference to Biblical verses, and her questioning of God’s role during her captivity. I pl an on using at least 2 sources for this assignment. Mary White Rowlandson was a colonial woman in America whoRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Captivity And Restoration Of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson1603 Words   |  7 PagesThe Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson reveals that the ghastly depiction of the Indian religion (or what Rowlandson perceives as a lack of religion) in the narrative is directly related to the ideologies of her Puritan upbringing. Furthermore, Rowlandsons experiences in captivity and encounter with the new, or Other religion of the Indians cause her rethink, and question her past; her experiences do not however cause her to redirect her life or change her ideals

The Fall Of The Roman Empire - 1792 Words

There are various controversial issues and conflicting perspectives in several element of the fall of the Roman Empire. The three most intriguing debates include the Reason for the fall of the Roman Empire, argued by Edward Gibbon and Michael Rostovtzeff, the Date of the Roman Empire, argued by Arnold Hugh Martin Jones and Edward Gibbon and the reason why the East survived longer than the West, argued by A.H.M Jones and Robert Browning. Reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire:- There are various reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire; Edward Gibbon argues Christianity is the central reason for the Roman Empires destruction whilst Rostovtzeff argues Christianity theology helped the Roman Empire. The contrast in the perspectives of theses historians is evident in their works. Gibbon’s â€Å"The History of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire† illustrates Gibbons strong argument for the fall of the Roman Empire: â€Å"The introduction of Christianity had some influence on the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. The clergy successfully preached the doctrines of patience and pusillanimity; the active virtues of society were discouraged†¦ a demand of charity and devotion; and the soldiers’ pay was lavished on the useless multitudes of both taxes, who only plead the merits of abstinence and chastity.† Gibbon exemplifies that Christianity theology and values weakened the Empire and the decrease of funding towards the Roman army further leads to the destruction of Rome’sShow MoreRelatedFall of the Roman Empire1288 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pax Romana was a two hundred year time period where the Romans had peace and prosperity under Augustus. The Roman empire started to decline at the end of the prevail of the last five emperors, Marcus Aurelius in 161-180 A.D. The rulers in the next century had no idea how to deal with the problems the empire was having. There was many reasons to the fall of the Roman Empire but three stood out the most. The preliminary reason was the economy begins to decline. The alternative reasoning was RomeRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1537 Words   |  7 PagesAncient Rome was an empire so dominant, wealthy and economically- stable which came to a dramatic fall in the period of 250AD- 500AD. Ancient Rome faced unexplained unfortunate events whic h crumbled the Great Empire from the affluent empire to a impoverished society. For centuries historians have timelessly theorised and analysed many debates and research in relation to the Fall of the Roman Empire. What really caused the predominate Roman Empire to fall? Did Rome fall naturally? Was disease, suchRead MoreFall of the Roman Empire758 Words   |  4 PagesTaylor Davino Professor Horsley HIS 126 3 March 2010 The fall of the Roman Empire Political, economic and social aspects were all involved in the fall of the Roman Empire. In 395 A.D., Rome was divided into two empires, with one capital in Rome and the other in Constantinople. During that time, the western Roman Empire was being invaded by barbarian tribes from the North. In 410, the Visigoth tribe succeeded in conquering the western capital in Rome. In 476, the western EmperorRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1419 Words   |  6 PagesThe Roman Empire was a powerful governing body of extensive political and social structures throughout western civilization. How did this empire fall and were internal factories responsible? Slow occurrences in succession to one another led to the fall of the empire rather than one single event. The fall of the Roman Empire was a combination of both internal and external pressures, not just one, leading up to the complete decay of the cities—Rome and Constantinople. However, one could argue how oneRead MoreThe Fall Of Ro man Empire1185 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fall of Roman Empire Roman Empire was considered as one of the most influential and dominant Empire in the history that has ever existed. â€Å"The Roman Empire at its zenith in the period of the Principate (roughly, 27 BC to AD 235) covered vast tracts of three continents, Europe, Africa, and Asia† (Garnsey). It was an ancient, modern Empire, and it supported anyone who made discoveries and technological improvements. The Empire was the strongest governing body in the Mediterranean. If the RomanRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1440 Words   |  6 PagesSophie Loren Plays a Leading Role in the Fall of the Roman Empire? The reason for the fall of the Roman Empire is a controversial topic under much historical debate. How did such a great empire, known for being one of the largest that lasted over a millennium, fall? The Roman Empire transitioned from a republic to an empire in 31 BCE. Augustus Caesar was the first emperor. He created harmony in Rome, but not in calendars as he added August as the eighth month to follow July, which was named afterRead MoreFall of Roman Empire1175 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fall of the Roman Empire The Ancient Roman empire was one of the most prominent and successful societies of its time period. By the end of their reign, the Romans had conquered almost all of the Mediterranean including parts of present day Europe, Asia, and Africa. Rome was at its strongest during the rule of Augustus Caesar, this time was known as the â€Å"Pax Romana† or Roman peace. It wasn’t until later, when Emperor Trajan took over in about 98 C.E. that the Empire reached its peak. AfterRead MoreThe Fall of the Roman Empire609 Words   |  3 PagesThe Fall of the Roman Empire There are adherents to single factors, but more people think Rome fell because of a combination of such factors as Christianity, and economy, and military problems. Even the rise of Islam is proposed as the reason for Romes fall, by some who think the Fall of Rome happened at Constantinople in the 15th Century. Most people think it occurred during the fifth century, after the western division of the empire. There were several reasons for the fall of the Roman EmpireRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1438 Words   |  6 PagesThe Roman Empire was one of the most powerful empires in the history of mankind. In 476 CE Odoacer defeated Romulus Augustus to capture Rome; most historians agree that this was the official end of the Western Roman Empire. There is much debate on how exactly Rome declined and eventually fell. The fall of Rome was a long process that took place over many centuries. There are five main schools of thought on why Rome fell. First, Christianity, offered by Edward Gibbons; He suggests that ChristianityRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1495 Words   |  6 PagesFor a long period of time, the debate about the cause of the fall of the Roman Empire has been a popular topic amongst historians. Most of these historians look at the issue from a standpoint that accepts that there were most likely several causes. The main root of the issue is whether or not these causes were internal or external. Some historians even go more in depth and try to hypothesize what the internal or external causes were. In fact, Adrian Goldsworthy and Peter Heather do just this when

Business Events Management Free Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Disccuss about the Business Events Management. Answer: Introduction Modern conference industry is different from old days because business meetings and needs are far different in present days. Selecting a venue is very crucial for any event to be successful. Basic Criteria for the reason and people attending the event are two important factors to select a suitable venue. New Delhi, the capital city of cosmopolitan India is the destination of three events.1st event is a small corporate conference with 150 people. It is a 2 days event. 2nd event is a conference for crime against women. This event will be held for 3 days with 1200 delegates and 300 NGOs for an exhibition. 40 exhibitors are to represent them in that venue and it is a national level conference. The 3rd event is Final Award Ceremony with Gala dinner. Nearly 5000 audiences will be present in that venue.(IEEE, 2017) Methodology New Delhi is the capital city of India. It is a very lively city with very lovely people. It has some of best hotels, resorts with all international facilities including bar, technology driven systems. To choose a venue, it is important to understand the needs of that conference including the type of conference, meeting or event, people attending those events, parking spaces and accommodation which are key factors with multi cuisine restaurants. The conference halls must be equipped with sound and media interference with skilled professionals of event management.(Bradford, 2016) Event Summary Scenario No. of Participants Structure Duration Social Activities International Event 1 100-200 Small conference on Corporate Strategies of Reliance Industries, India 2 Days No No 2 1000-2000 Conference on crime on women-by Indian Central Government with government delegates of state and centre, 300 NGOs and 40 exhibitors 9 Days Yes Yes 3 5500 to 6500 Competition cum Prize giving ceremony of Indian Idol -6 1 Day Yes Yes Scenario 1 1st conference will be held at The Oberoi, New Delhi. It is a Business Meeting of Reliance Industries which is one of the top corporate companies of India. It is an annual meeting with all top level professionals for discussion about corporate strategies of the company including its future growth, profit and further business interests for 2 days duration. Nearly 150 people will come from all over the country. So the venue must have good connectivity with domestic airport. Reliance needs 3 conference rooms from three groups of delegates. All people must be accommodated in that venue as New Delhi has a very bad reputation for long traffic jams during pick hours. As people are coming from pan India, the venue-cum-hotel must have some finest multi-cuisine restaurants. The Oberoi is one of finest hotels in New Delhi which is one of best brand in Indian Hotels. This iconic luxury 5 star hotel is located in the centre of India's capital city. It is only 30 minutes drive from Domestic Airpor t and 45 minutes away from International Airport. It has 218 rooms and suits that can accommodate those 150 guests. Rooms are aesthetically designed with large windows providing view of Delhi Golf Course and beautiful Humayun's Tomb. The rooms are well equipped with all international facilities as per modern technology. It has a Business Centre with 7 meeting rooms from which 3 can be booked. It has all day dining restaurant, a contemporary Indian restaurant and a roof top Chinese restaurant. The Oberoi, New Delhi has a bar with finest collections of liquors. The Oberoi, New Delhi has organized various prestigious successful events. It has trained staffs to entertain and facilitate the guests with royal gestures. The Oberoi is a name in the industry for arranging business meetings through exemplary services, efficiency and unparalleled cordial hospitality. It is one of most suitable destinations for such meetings.(oberoi hotels and resorts, 2017) The Oberoi, New Delhi has comprised of a large banquet with high ceilinged room and clear audio facility with the capacity of arrangement for 200 people. The seven meeting rooms have different seating arrangements like theatre, classroom, sit down, u shape and cocktail. So Reliance can book their Business rooms for meeting according their needs. The Oberoi has plenty of choices for rooms and accommodation with a wide variety of international standard of facilities with no negative reviews till now. The guests are all top professional of most prestigious company. So an Annual Meeting of that level definitely would look forward for a venue with all the facilities empowered by warm hospitality and The Oberoi, New Delhi is the best bet in the capital city of cosmopolitan India. Please find Appendices 1 to 4 for different views of Conference facilities of Oberoi Hotel, New Delhi for visual reference. Scenario 2 There is a social cause for increasing crime against women and its a global urgency. United Nations has called a seminar which must be held in every country. It is a 9 day event which includes 6 days seminar cum meeting with an exhibition from different NGOs in a platform to depict new approaches from different socio economic conditions by eminent social activists all over the country. This event will be held by Human Resource Development Ministry and Ministry of Women and Social Welfare jointly to set a target to eradicate crime against women through United Nations guidance. Nearly 1200 delegates will be invited from various Government organisations with representative of states and local government, academic and renowned scholars from different Universities and Institution. 300 NGOs are to be invited in this event. These NGOs are currently working with several victims and they can provide real time data. Some Ministers, police and Intelligence personals with some related Secretarie s are to be invited also. This event is to be covered by all National and International media houses. So to choose a venue for central government is no doubt a big task. The venue must be situated in the capital city of India and the hotel must have capability to accommodate 1200 people with big exhibitions and a huge auditorium with all facilities. HRD ministry has fixed the venue at The Ashok; New Delhi. This hotel is established on 25 acres of prime land in the diplomatic enclave of capital and is very famous for its amenities and traditional Indian hospitality. It is a renowned name to cater prestigious national and international conferences. Location of this hotel is situated at 02 km. from Rashtrapati Bhavan (Presidential Palace),with the distance of 15 kms and 10 kms from international and domestic airport, 9 kms from the New Delhi railway station, 6 kms from the renowned Pragati Maidan and 1 km from nearest metro station..The Ashok can cater to every mood and style for sitting up-to 3000 persons at a time. The hotel has wide range of venues consisting of the Convention Hal, a formal Board room, with a Banquet hall, Party room, Swimming Pool, Lawns and landscaped gardens. This hotel is equipped with the most extensive and impeccable convention services which include state-of-the-Art equipments of audio visual multilingua l translation facilities which are a big reason to choose this Hotel as India is a multilingual country. The Ashok has a freedom of choosing rooms as much is needed because of its huge and spacious structure. It has various packages for different needs and different events. It has one of finest choice of regional cuisines. Most importantly, it has a panel of expertise to facilitate all the events. All the events are very well arranged with professionalism. Event planners are there to be hired by organisers to complete events neatly and elegantly. There is a separate media lounge which can cater all print and electronic journalists. Media attention is very important as program is organized for creating awareness with future targets where to impose further concentration.(The Ashoke, 2017) This hotel is privileged with the largest conference hall of no pillar with the measurement of 16435 square feet. This convention hall is with a pre-fixed stage of 42x26 feet and with the height of the ceiling of 15 feet along with green rooms which proves it as a befitting venue for conventions, seminars, meetings and exhibitions. The place has the ability to attend 2500 guests with ease. Some pictures of The Ashok, New Delhi are shown in Appendix 5 and 6 for references. Scenario 3 The event is an award giving ceremony of Indian Idol 6. Indian Idol is a music competition which is telecasted in Indian one of prime channel. It is actually the final round competition with 10 contestants from pan India with some of them NRI and 1 is Sri Lankan and 1 is from Myanmar. So viewers and supporters of those foreign contestants from respective countries are expected to come in India. It is a live concert with nearly 5000 people as live audiences. Even the contestants need very peaceful environment for their performance. This performance may change their lives in some extent. So the organiser has to choose the venue with all these parameters. Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium is one of place that can be changed the stadium temporarily as stage. It has 15,000 fixed seats so it can easily accommodate 5000 audiences. It has 4 ramps for 1st flooring seating, staircases and lifts. This property is under Sports Authority of India and is looked after by Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India. Therefore the organiser has to take prior authorization from Sports Authority of India timely. It has different arena for press. Press arena can be used by the TV channel to telecast it live. As it is a program for few hours, so no need to book hotels for guests.(India, 2017) The organiser will also set an exhibition of Indian Music of different era, different styles with lives of eminent musicians, instrumentalists. The indoor stadium has huge ground that can be used for this exhibition. 400 exhibitors are to be invited from all across the country. After the competition, award ceremony will be held. One eminent singer of India will be present there to give the awards. After completing the event, there will be a gala dinner. As it is a program presenting several high profile people at a gathering, security must be very strict. This indoor stadium is well equipped with modern security and safely measures. Conclusion A perfect venue is must for a successful event in any field. If the arrangements are not up to the mark, people have negative thoughts about the organiser. If there is any drawback or any loophole, then the conference or the program is said to be a big failure. Even the event has everything been good but the food is very bad, end of the day, it is a bad organized event to be said.(training, 2010) References: Bradford, U.o., 2016. School of Managment. [Online] Available at: https://www.brad.ac.uk/management/qrm2016/ [Accessed 21 September 2017]. IEEE, 2017. IEEE- Advancing Technology for Humanity. [Online] Available at: https://www.ieee.org/conferences_events/conferences/organizers/roles_responsibilities.html [Accessed 21 September 2017]. India, S.A.o., 2017. Indira Gandhi Stadium. [Online] Available at: https://www.sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/index1.asp?ls_id=510 [Accessed 21 September 2017]. oberoi hotels and resorts, n.d., 2017. The Oeroi, New Delhi. [Online] Available at: https://www.oberoihotels.com/hotels-in-delhi/events [Accessed 21 September 2017]. The Ashoke, N.D., 2017. Ashok Convention center. [Online] Available at: https://www.theashokconvention.com/ [Accessed 21 September 2017]. training, p.g.o.r., 2010. Organizing a conference. [Online] Available at: https://port.modernlanguages.sas.ac.uk/tutorials/conference [Accessed 21 September 2017].

Overall Condition Of A Geographical Location-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Overall Condition Of A Geographical Location? Answer: Introduction The term economy refers to the overall condition of a geographical location, in terms of the demand and supply forces and their mutual interactions to reach an equilibrium, which is measured in monetary terms. The dynamic stability of ay economy, though primarily determined by these two forces, is also affected by some other exogenous as well as endogenous economic phenomena, the fluctuation of those cause significant turmoil in the economic scenario of a country, giving rise to abnormal situations. One such condition of abnormality is known as recession, which means an overall stagnancy and slowdown in the economic activities, thereby resulting in the decline of economic growth of a country, resulting in low GDP and growth rates for the time being (Jacobs 2016). The global economic scenario, consisting of many small and big players, has been reined by a few significantly influential and powerful economies, which over the years have grown even more prospering, one of the most powerfu l ones being that of the United States of America. However, even this economy has not had a smooth path towards progress always and experienced a few fluctuations of massive intensity from time to time, one such event being the Great Recession of 2008-2009. The essay discussed this event elaborately and tries to analyze the main cause which caused the Great Recession in the USA, taking into account the tremendous implications the event had (mostly negative) on the economy of the country specifically and on the international economic scene cumulatively (Castells, Caraa and Cardoso 2012). Recession Recession, in the broad sense of the term in economics, refers to the stagnancy and a slowdown in general of an economy, with the overall economic activities (productive, industrial as well as trading) reducing significantly. Much of the recessionary situations arise due to the overall loss in the confidence upon the economy, from both the consumer side and the producer and investor side. With the loss of the overall confidence of the residents from the economy and its future prospects, the supply levels and productivity declines, which in its turn, leads to lowering of wages and creation of jobs, thereby increasing the unemployment burden (Stock and Watson 2012). The direct impact of this recessionary pressure falls on the standard of living of the residents of the economy as a whole. The nature of recession being cyclical by default, the phenomenon often creates a viscous cycle of burden for the economy, thereby taking the concerned economy on a spiral path of sufferings and povert y burden. The impacts of a recession can be seen on the declining growth rates of GDP and GDP per capita of the country at that point of time (Auerbach and Gorodnichenko 2012). Causes of recession Among the various factors, which give rise to a recessionary situation in an economy, there are several key factors, which mostly commonly leads to recession in any economy. Few such factors are explained below: a) Stock market turmoil- Stock market being the backbone of any developed and developing economy in the contemporary period, a sudden crash in the share values of the companies and loss of investors confidence on the profitability of those companies can lead to an overall slowdown in the economic activities of the country as a whole. This may lead to a recessionary situation (Farmer 2012). b) Interest rate irregularities- Economic activities of a country are highly dependent on the monetary variables like the rate of interest prevailing in the economy. Therefore, irregularities in this indicator may result in disinvestment in the economy, thereby reducing the economic activities and giving rise to recession (Bodie 2013). c) Irregularities in residential markets- With residential investments becoming one of the significant components of the GDP of the countries, sudden decrease in the price levels of the housing assets of a country can decrease the growth potential of the economy significantly, taking the economy on the path of a recession. The fall in prices, depending upon the longevity and magnitude of the price fall, can be short term or long term. This type of recession is more common and acute in those significantly developed countries, which experience a high population pressure (Bosworth 2012). Apart from the above-mentioned factors, recession may also be caused due to other factors like creation of wealth and asset bubbles, credit market crunches or natural and manmade calamities including wars, which causes significant hurdles on the path of economic progress of the country. USA and the Great Recession of 2007-2008 The United States of America has been and is continuing to be the biggest influencing economy in the global economic scenario. Being one of the largest contributors in almost all the global economic organizations and governing bodies, the country alone has the capacity to influence the overall economy of the world with its strategies and international policies. The economy of the USA, however, in spite of being one of the most successful one in the global economic history, had faced several notable fluctuations in its growth over time. The two most significant ones of these events, having tremendously adverse and long term effects on the economy, were the Great Depression of the 1930s and the Great Recession of the 2007-2009, the latter being the subject for discussion in this essay (Ball 2014). The Great Recession in the United States of America, as per the data provided by the National Bureau of Economic Research, had already started in the country by the last quarter of 2007, with the dynamics of the economy slowly changing and taking a downturn. With the advent and set in of the recession, the economic growth of the country stagnated and after sometime the country stated experiencing negative statistics in its growth indicators. The GDP of the USA was reduced by almost 51 per cent. It was the first of its kind after the recovery of the economy from the Great Depression of the 1930s. Not only the GDP growth rates, the country also experienced rude shocks in terms of the employment scenarios and the overall reduction in the aggregate demand and supply activities of the economy (Cynamon, Fazzari and Setterfield 2013). Figure 1: Consumption Spending (Personal) in the USA (Source: Bls.gov, 2017) The aggregate consumption levels of the households, which otherwise maintained a consistently rising trend in the country, as can be seen from the above figure, experienced a substantial decline from the last quarter of 2007, with the trend going even low till the third quarter of 2009. The statistics only started showing improvements from the beginning of 2010 (Jenkins et al. 2012). Much of this fall, taken together consumption was a byproduct of the huge increase in the unemployment scenario, which can be shown with the help of the following graph: Figure 2: Ratio of Employment and Population of the USA (Source: Bls.gov, 2017) It is very much evident from the above figure that the country, otherwise experiencing a more or less higher than average employment population ratio, saw a steep decline in the ratio during the period of 2007 to 2009, which persisted till 2010. Post 2010, though the ratio started improving, it could not reach to its persisting levels, before the occurrence of the Great Recession. This in its turn led to the fall in aggregate demand of the country as a whole, thereby adversely affecting the supply scenario and slowing down the overall productivity of the country. The effects of the Great Recession took a significantly long span to wither out completely (Danziger, Chavez and Cumberworth 2012). Great Recession: Primary Cause Over the years, many theories and debates have occurred among the economists all over the globe regarding the causal factors of the Great Recession in the USA, which had its implications not only on the country itself, but also on the global economy as a whole. However, without any debate one factor identified by almost all the economists across the world, as the primary reason for the massive event. This factor was the more than normal exuberance in the housing investment of the country, which was to the extent of irrationality and which created a temporary bubble only to burst it after sometime. This led to the initiation of the Great Recession (Jagannathan, Kapoor and Schaumburg 2013). What was the housing bubble? The economy of the United States of America, post the Great Depression, which occurred in the 1930s, recovered well and eventually started progressing immensely, slowly emerging as one of the most powerful economies in the world. The country experienced a significant increase in the population growth, which along with the industrial and overall productivity growth in the country, gave a push to the housing sector of the country. The residential sector, with the growing income of the residents of the country, also emerged as one of the most prospective sector for investing money as the housing industry showed immense long term prospects. With the rapidly growing population of the country and the increase in the demand for housing facilities, the housing industry gained significant attention of the investors as well as the households of the country (Mian and Sufi 2015). The huge investment in the housing sector was even more facilitated by the overall low interest rates prevailing in the country at that point of time, which was to some extent deliberately done to facilitate investment in different sectors of the country. There was already a working notion and speculation among the investors as well as the household sector, that the price of the housing assets in the country would go on increasing. This, coupled with the prevalence of considerably lower rate of interest in the economy, led to borrowing of funds by the households as well as commercial investors to invest in the housing sector. Housing came as an alternative way of asset building to the households of the country and many commercial enterprises started investing on residential assets, which they bought only to sell at a higher price after some time. The lack of foresight of the governing authorities and proper restrictive regulations added impetus to this phenomenon as many commercial banks and financial and insurance companies emerged in the scenario, which started providing loans with mortgage facilities to the interested people, to invest in this sector. Under this facilities, the borrowers could buy houses by borrowing money from these enterprises and making a very small initial down payment, whereby much of the risk were borne by the companies. The interest only type of loans encouraged the households as well as the commercial investors to this sector. This in turn, created a huge bubble in the residential asset market with both the housing prices as well as the residential investments going up at an abnormally fast pace (Charles, Hurst and Notowidigdo 2016). Bursting of bubble Defying all the positive speculations of the investors, regarding the housing market and its long term prosperity in the economy of the USA, the bubble created in the housing market did burst, much to the shock of the speculators of the country. This led to a sharp decline in the housing prices in the economy, at an abnormally rapid pace, which in its turn, led to an immense increase in the loss of confidence of the common people as well the investors in the country. This in its turn, led to a massive foreclosure in the market, on part of the clientele of the housing market. The worst hit of this foreclosure by the demand side participants, were the commercial banks and the insurance providers, as they took the responsibility of bearing the lions share of the risk burden. Many commercial investing enterprises, including the Lehman Brothers, one of the largest investment bankers in the country, filed bankruptcy during that time and the housing market saw a bailing out of an astonishing $700 billion, marking the initiation of what today is known as the Great Recession of the USA. There was a loss of a whopping 16 trillion USD by the citizens and the stock market of the country crashed like never before. This had its effects on the job market as well as nearly 7.5 million people lost their jobs, thereby reducing the aggregate demand, supply and overall economic activities of the USA to a major level. It took a lot of time and huge reforms on part of the government of the country to take the country out of this situation, towards a sustainable path of economic growth (Rickman and Guettabi 2015). Conclusion The Great Recession of 2007-2008, had huge effects on the economy of the USA and the global economic scene as a whole as many other countries were directly and indirectly affected by the phenomenon. The economy of the USA experienced a slowdown like never before, with all the economic indicators performing terribly and the country stagnating and slowly moving into the spiral of viscous sufferings. The bursting of the housing bubble, being the main cause of this recession, decreased the GDP, GDP growth rates, employment generation and the overall productivity of the economy to an astonishing extent. The financial and the stock market scenarios were threatening and it took a significantly long time for the monetary and governing authorities of the country, to bring the economy back to a steady state equilibrium condition, though many of the damages created by the Great Recession, mostly those on the commercial investment enterprises, were permanent in nature. References Auerbach, A.J. and Gorodnichenko, Y., 2012. Fiscal multipliers in recession and expansion. InFiscal Policy after the Financial crisis(pp. 63-98). University of Chicago press. Ball, L.M., 2014.Long-term damage from the Great Recession in OECD countries(No. w20185). National Bureau of Economic Research. Bls.gov (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cps_charts.pdf [Accessed 7 Sep. 2017]. Bodie, Z., 2013.Investments. McGraw-Hill. Bosworth, B., 2012. Economic consequences of the great recession: Evidence from the panel study of income dynamics. Castells, M., Caraa, J. and Cardoso, G. eds., 2012.Aftermath: The cultures of the economic crisis. Oxford University Press. Charles, K.K., Hurst, E. and Notowidigdo, M.J., 2016. The masking of the decline in manufacturing employment by the housing bubble.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,30(2), pp.179-200. Cynamon, B.Z., Fazzari, S. and Setterfield, M. eds., 2013.After the great recession: the struggle for economic recovery and growth. Cambridge University Press. Danziger, S., Chavez, K. and Cumberworth, E., 2012. Poverty and the great recession.Stanford, CA: Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality. Retrieved March,1, p.2015. Farmer, R.E., 2012. The stock market crash of 2008 caused the Great Recession: Theory and evidence.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,36(5), pp.693-707. Jacobs, J., 2016.The economy of cities. Vintage. Jagannathan, R., Kapoor, M. and Schaumburg, E., 2013. Causes of the great recession of 20072009: The financial crisis was the symptom not the disease!.Journal of Financial Intermediation,22(1), pp.4-29. Jenkins, S.P., Brandolini, A., Micklewright, J. and Nolan, B. eds., 2012.The great recession and the distribution of household income. OUP Oxford. Mian, A. and Sufi, A., 2015.House of debt: How they (and you) caused the Great Recession, and how we can prevent it from happening again. University of Chicago Press. Rickman, D.S. and Guettabi, M., 2015. The great recession and nonmetropolitan America.Journal of Regional science,55(1), pp.93-112. Stock, J.H. and Watson, M.W., 2012.Disentangling the Channels of the 2007-2009 Recession(No. w18094). National Bureau of Economic Research.

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Tyler LeBlanc Essays (914 words) - Criminology, Feminist Theory

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The Ethnic Malay Malaysian Nationalism History Essay This phenomena is an example of the social transformation happening right now in Malaysia due to the unequal treatment among the ethnic groups. Malaysia is a multi-cultural nation. The Malays, Chinese and Indians build up the population. However, since the independence of Malaysia, racist policies have been marginalizing the minorities. In this essay, I am going to talk about racist Malay Malaysian Nationalism by tracing the history of formation and development of this country. Multi-cultural Malaysia Malaysia, formerly known as Malaya, located on the Malay Peninsula and the island of Borneo in the Southeast Asia. It has been a multi-ethnic and multi-religious country since its independence in 1957 from the British Occupation. It has a population of 28.8 million consists of the three major ethnic groups: the Malays (61.4%), Chinese (23.7%), Indians (7.1%). (Mose 2010: 285-297). The immigration of the Indians into the Malaya Peninsula is encouraged by the British colonial government in the 19th century. It reached its peak during the rapid expansion of the rubber plantation in 1910s. The Chinese started flushing in since the 19th century to escape from the unstable society in China and seek for better economic opportunities. They made up the main labor force of the tin mining industry until the early 20th century. Whereas, the Malays have started to move into the Malaya Peninsula earlier than during the 14th century from the islands which are known as Indonesian territories today. However, the Malays consider themselves as Bumiputra (sons of the soil) of Malay Peninsula and categorize themselves as the indigenous population. (Saw 2007). The ethnic tensions have been the biggest internal problem of the nation. Several elements have led to the emergence and affirmation of the ethnic Malay Malaysian Nationalism. The Ethnic Malay Malaysian Nationalism How do Malaysians define themselves in terms of nationality and culture? Is that possible to emerge a Malaysian Nationalism purely clean of the racism? In the book Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, Anderson Benedict (2006) defines nation as an imagined political community. Communities are imagined. It is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion. Hence, communities are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, but by the style in which they are imagined. It is imagined as a community, because, regardless of the actual inequality and exploitation that may prevail in each, the nation is always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship. Ultimately it is this fraternity that makes it possible, over the past two centuries, for so many millions of people, not so much to kill, as willingly to die for such limited imaginings. That seems to be a flawless condition that will lead to the stability and peacefulness of a country. The Malaysian Nationalism should be distinguished, not by the skin colour, but the vision to the prosperity of the country shared by the members. However, the civilization of this region since its occupation by colonial power has had a great impact on the way they imagine of the community. Ethnic groups have emerged diversified nationalism as a result of the marginalization by the former colonial governments. Before British colonial occupation was established in the late nineteenth century on the Malayan Peninsula, Malays originated from Indonesia had controlled the underpopulated areas and defined territorial units which resided by Sultan (the rulers). During the early 1800s, the British colonial government opened the doors to the Chinese immigrants when the growing tin mining industry was greatly in need of labor. For a more handy decentralized administration, the British colonial government collaborated with the Malay rulers in each region. The regions were governed under the Malay rulers with the advice by the British agents in return of a certain legal protection. This protection was to ensure the superiority of Malay traditional culture over the increasing population of other ethnic groups as well as the survival of their agricultural economy under the rapid developing modern export economy in the non-Malay and European-populated urban areas. (Mauzy 2006) The British intervention has been intrusive to the development of the ethnic relations. The status and privileges of Malay has been affirmed, thus a new nationalism has been arisen among the Malay community. According to Roffs classic analysis, organised Islamic fervour during the early 1900s, a secular,but still traditional resistance waged by privileged aristocrats beginning in the late 1920s, and a surge in Malay radicalism during the 1930s. (Roff, 1974) Japanese occupation has made exacerbated the existing ethnic tension by the extremely brutal treatment to the Chinese. Before Japanese landed on the Malay Peninsula, Malaysian Chinese has been resented by the renowned Nanking Massacre which killed approximately 250,000 to 300,000 Chinese in 1937 in China. (Rummel, 2002) During the invasion of Malay Peninsula, Japanese treated Malaysian Chinese exceptionally harshly to undermine the funding support to the resistance in China. Being in a tough situation, the Chinese had had the most members in the resistance groups. In contrast, Japanese occupation encouraged the Malay nationalism by reaffirming their identity of Bumiputra, the superiority of Malay of then region. (bin Zakaria 1989) Malays were also promoted in the bureaucracy and new paramilitary formation. (Case 2000) With the defeat of Japan and the return of the British colonial government, Chinese had acquired a new stature as guerrilla heroes. Accordingly, it could be expected that the Malays, the bumiputra, would demand for an affirmation of its dominance on the region. The racism attached to the Malay Nationalism was clearer at this point. Racism, which is directed against a population regarded as a minority, is defined as internal racism. According to Balibar (1988), it is useful to characterize certain racist posture as auto-referential (those in which the bearers of the prejudice, exercising physical or symbolic violence, designate themselves as representatives of a superior race). Nationalism and racism are conceptually separated to each other. However, there are sound evidences showing that these two ideologies are highly related. Strong elements of racism can be pointed out in, at least, some forms of nationalism. According to Etienne Balibar (1991), racism is always implied in the nationalist movements. When people in a nation share the same language, skin color, the sense of nationalism is often overlapped with racism. During the early independence, Malays was discontented with the uneven distribution of income among the ethnic groups as a result of the division of occupations. (the domination of Malays in agriculture, whereas the Chinese in commerce activities) Chinese accumulated considerable wealth due to the rapid expansion of the commerce activities. The income gap between the Chinese and the Malays was significant. In 1970, the Chinese has a mean income of RM467.50 while Malay has a mean income of only RM313.20. (Ikemoto 1985: 347-367) In 1969, Chinese dominated political party made a significant gain in opposition to the Malay controlled party in the general election.   On May 13, right after the result of the election was released, when members of the winning party marched through some largely Malay areas, the riot broke out. The Malays and the Chinese killed each other. May 13 incident was the most dismaying racial riot happened in the history of Malaysia. It has become the turning point of the racial relation where the implementation of the racist policies started. (Gray 2007) Calling for addressing the root of the conflict, the New Economic Policy started in the 1971 under Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak, who is from UMNO, the main Malay political party. In fact, the policies and regulations of NEP were, in some senses, reaffirming the Malay superiority over other races. It has affected not only Malaysian economy but also education and the social structure. (Koon 1997: 262-292) NEP is indeed the product of the new Malay Malaysian Nationalism. The ambitious but controversial New Economic Policy (NEP) was launched in 1971 with two main objectives: to eradicate the poverty and to correct the economic imbalances among the ethnic groups. This set of policies has completely traumatized the Chinese and Indian communities. Since its implementation, criticism was overthrown. It has been accused of affirming the Malay Supremacy by reducing the status of the non-Malay citizens. The NEP ended in 1991 but most of the tangible economic privileges it reserved for the Malays are still ongoing until now. The education policy in the New Economic Policy has had the greatest impact on the social structure of the country. One phase to social and economic transformation of the Malays is only through education, not equity participation. You take care of education and they will have enough to participate in the capital market, former Finance Minister of Malaysia, Tun Daim Zainuddin justified the priority granted for the Malays in his speech on the Issues Facing the Malays. (Caballero-Anthony 2006) The policy was aimed at creating more opportunities for higher education through admission policy for the Malays and indigenous residents. However, while they are guaranteed high-quality education the educational opportunity for non-Malay citizens are brutally and radically reduced. For the past 30 years, Malaysia has been the only Asian country that officially discriminates against a certain group of citizens in matters of education. In 1962, the enrolment to the University of Malaya by ethnicity was   60% Chinese, 20% Malay and 20% Indians and Others. The ethnic quota system of 55:45 in favor of the Malays and indigenous residents was established as part of NEP in 1971. In the same year, the participation rate of Malay students was already equal to that of Chinese students at about 44%. (Mukherjee 2000) In fact, most of the other public university admitted more Malay students than the specified quota of 55%. The criteria for the entrance of local public university is also the main obstacle to the non-Malay students. Matriculation program and Malaysian High Certificate of Education (STPM) are the two ways of entering the public university after the high school education. Whereas, matriculation program reserves around 90% of the places for the Malays and indigenous residents. (Lee 2005) In addition, by examining the grading system, it is relatively an easier way for student to be admitted to the local public uni versity. As a result, Malay students are advantaged and non-Malay students are discouraged. Many non-malay students instead choose to study abroad. This has led to a significant outflow of human capital, especially elites, because students often settle down for the rest of their life after their studies. Another racist part of the New Economic Policy is the housing quota system. To encourage more Malays and indigenous residents to own property, housing policy requires the Malaysian housing developers to set aside at least 30% of their development housing for Malays as well as provide a discount of 5-15%. After 30 years of the implementation of the policy, lots reserved are often released to the open market upon the approval by the State government. (Real Estate and Housing Developers Association Malaysia 2012) It has resulted in increasing of property ownership by the Malays but also the economic inefficiency. New Economic Policy favors Malays economic opportunities by the quota system of ownership. What has had the greatest impact on the Chinese business community is the target of NEP of increasing Malays share of economic ownership from 2.4% (in 1969) to 30% to achieve a 30:40:30 welfare ratio of Bumiputra, other Malaysian, and foreign ownership within a 20-year time frame. (Leong 1992) Such an intensive redistribution of wealth has been hastened by the legislature restriction. In contrast, no official assistance was offered to non-Bumiputra to achieve the goal of acquiring 40% of the national wealth. It has hugely reduced the incentive for the Chinese in their business activities. Conclusion Yet, most of the criticisms are based on the issue that the non-Malays under the poverty line are not benefitted by the NEP called for eradicating poverty. Robert Kuok Hock Nien, Malaysian Chinese, once the richest person in the South East Asia, started focusing his investment overseas by reducing its portion in Malaysia after a series of new business restrictions favoring the Malays been implemented. ** There are Chinese under poverty line but the government did not address them. *** People are qualified for the benefit according to their race, instead of their economic position. Conclusion.

Management Of Pacific Douglas-Fir Stands To Maintain Black-Tailed Deer Populations :: Environment Animals Environmental Essays

Management Of Pacific Douglas-Fir Stands To Maintain Black-Tailed Deer Populations Introduction Within the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, intensive, even-aged silviculture has simplified the structure and species composition of native forest stands. Within the range of the coastal Pacific Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), old-growth forests presently cover only 13 percent of the region; 60 percent of these remnants occur in patches less than 40 hectares in size. In this region, total land area consisting of old-growth forest before extensive logging has been estimated at 60-90 percent (Williams and Marcot 1991). As a result of intense clearcutting practices, early successional stages have become predominant and later stages have declined. Shifts in age classes of forests have been accompanied by changes in composition and abundance of fauna. Declines in population numbers, changes in conception dates, and an increase to 27 percent annual mortality (vs 5% in higher elevation old-growth stands) are a cause for implementing appropriate silvicultural practices in Douglas-fir stands managed for both timber production and a stable black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) population (McNay and Voller 1995, Brown 1992). This report will attempt to describe a fairly new and promising silvicultural method that can potentially be able to satisfy both of these criteria. Coastal Douglas-Fir Characteristics The habitat type that this report is concerned with is the Tsuga heterophylla zone which contains a large geographical area west of the crest of the Cascade Mountains. Much of the central portion of this zone is occupied by subclimax forests dominated by coastal Douglas-fir (Williamson 1983, Scott 1980). The rest is dominated by western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). The original old-growth forest, whose origin was primarily periodic, catastrophic fire, frequently had understory components of western hemlock and western redcedar (Thuja plicata). On very xeric soils, Douglas-fir may be the major species of the climax stand. Douglas-fir is a species of medium tolerance, long life, large size, and rapid juvenile height growth. It does not sprout, but after 25 years of age bears good seed crops every 5 to 7 years. The seed disseminates well to about six tree lengths and up to one-half mile. Unmanaged stands vary between 81 and 190 cubic feet mean-annual increment at age sixty. Scott (1980) suggests that average yields of about 300 cubic feet per acre are possible in managed stands. For maximum yield, Douglas-fir is commonly grown on rotations of 40 to 60 years, depending on the site and the landowners' objectives.

Gangster culture develop in the USA in the 1920`s to the 1940`s Essay

Why did a gangster culture develop in the USA in the 1920`s to the 1940`s ? There were several different factors that contributed to the developing of a gangster culture and the organised crime in America. The interesting thing about this is that all of the factors just happened to appear at once, creating a perfect environment for the birth of a nation-wide, organised criminal power. This criminal power could develop because the vicious increase in foreign immigrants during that time in America, which is probably the main reason. The Mafia also could develop in the US because of their really strict discipline, its organisation and hierarchy. Also important for the birth of this gangster culture was the prohibition, the fact that alcohol was illegal and the Mafia could produce it and sell it made it rich, but they had indeed other businesses too. The mighty Dons with their great gangs organised all these businesses and made the phenomenon Mafia in America in the 1920’s and 1940’s possible. The organised criminal power: First of all it need to be said what the Mafia is. The word Mafia means arrogance and presumption in Italian and refuge in Arabic, which refers to the origins of the Mafia as a society that fled to the hills of Italy to avoid attack. It is the word for a group of criminals who are sometimes linked together with a blood oath and who are not allowed to betray their secret. The first time the word Mafia was mentioned was in the ninth century in Sicily. To this time the main purpose of the so-called Mafia was it to strengthen themselves against the Arabic and Norman forces which invaded their homeland in Sicily. These Arabic and Norman forces oppressed the native Sicilians so that they had to take refuge in the surrounding hills. The intention of the secret society in the hills was it to wake a strong sense of togetherness between all the native Sicilians and to unite every native against the invaders. They tried to create a sense of family which was well organised and had a strong hierarchical layout. History of the vicious increase of foreigners: The U.S. Mafia, or the â€Å"Black Hand† as it was known in the early period, began to develop in the 1800`s in the USA because of the vicious increase in foreign immigrants during that time in America. Three million Irish, three and a half million Jews and four million Italians immigrated to America. New York was the second biggest Italian city after Naples, one quarter of New York – more than half a million people – were Italian . Although many think the Mafia had their roots in New York and Chicago it actually has been traced in 26 major cities in America. The new immigrants, bewildered by the new land, and it’s strange language, lived closely together in the Little Italy’s of New York, Chicago, New Orleans and other cities. The first time the Mafia was mentioned and therefore discovered in America was in New Orleans in the 1800à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s. Police Chief David Hennesy discovered the existence of this growing gangster culture in the heart of the United States of America while he was investigating the murder of an Italian immigrant. One reason why the Mafia was able to establish itself was because they were by far the biggest ethnic group in America and they had strong and violent leaders or rather Dons. Don Vito, Vito Cascio Ferro (1862-1945), was the first Sicilian Capo de Tutti Capi. He is believed to be the one man primarily responsible for establishing the communication between the Sicilian and U.S. Mafia. He had also an important role in 1924 when many Italian Mafia members came to the USA to avoid persecution in Sicily because Mussolini was determined to rid of the Mafia in Italy. This increased the numbers of members in the organisation and developed the gangster culture in the USA. Discipline and Hierarchy: Discipline: It is quite interesting that the Mafia was able to establish itself so fast in America one important reason for this phenomenon was the discipline. First of all every new mobster (member of the family) had to go through a ceremony, this ceremony was often compared to the baptism ceremony. This ceremony was really important for the mobster because at this day he became full member of La Cosa Nostra (our affair). The newcomer was told that the Mafia is a secret society and that there is just one way in and only one way out of it. You come in on your feet and you go out in a coffin. They were told that they have to kill even their own blood family when the mobster accepted everything he was told of the rules he must abide by. These rules were the heart of the Mafia and one of the most important reasons why this gangster culture could develop in America. The most important rule in organised crime was the rule called the Omerta. The Omerta is a code of silence. A vow never to reveal any Mafia secrets or member under threat of torture or death. Another rule was the obedience rule. The obedience rule stated that the member must at all times be loyal to the boss or Don. A third law of the Mafia was the assistance to any befriended Mafia faction, no questions asked. A few others included, Avenge any attack on members of the family, because an attack on one was an attack on all, and the last rule was to avoid any and all contact with the authorities. Hierarchy: Another evidence for the strong discipline in the Mafia was the hierarchical layout. The Mafia in America was organised like a â€Å"parliament† which was called the Commission. The Commission handled interfamily disputes and set general policy for La Cosa Nostra. It acted as more of a forum of Family Bosses than a board of directors. At the head of each family stood the Dons or Bosses they were the men with all of the power in the Family. They were giving orders, and the rest of the Family were expected to follow them without question. Next in line to the Dons were the Underbosses, who were second in command. He controlled the day-to-day operations of the Family. Followed by the Consigliere or counsellors. The consigliere acts as a â€Å"counsellor† or â€Å"advisor† to the boss. He was directly under the boss in terms of the hierarchy, but he did not normally give orders. Fourth in the line was the so-called â€Å"Capo†. Capo is the short form for capodecina or caporegime and he was the leader of a â€Å"crew† or decina (literally, â€Å"group of ten†) of ten to fifteen soldiers. The Soldiers were the one’s who would enforce discipline over both members and non-members through the use of intimidation, assaults, and murder. And last were the men who did the really dirty work for the Mob, the Associates. They were not â€Å"made† guys, they just hang around with the crew. They often are willing to do anything to get â€Å"made†, and therefore handle a lot of hits. The Prohibition: Another fact that benefited the developing of he Mafia in the USA in the 1920à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s and 1930à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s was the prohibition. Prohibition basically means the legal forbidden production, transport and sale of alcoholic drinks in the USA between 1920 and 1933. With these laws the Mafia had a perfect base for its organised crime. The government of England and the American Colonies tried since 1750, almost fruitless, to stop the excessive consumption of alcohol. In the twenties of the 19th century the average alcohol consumption of pure alcohol per person was about twenty seven litres per year. The government saw a strong link between the alcohol consumption on the one hand and the rapidly growing criminality, poverty ,brutal force and the developing of great gangster culture on the other hand. They therefore have seen the necessity for an alcohol prohibition. The first prohibition law was passed in 1851 in the state Main and prohibited the production and the sale of alcohol except for medical or technical purposes. With this law all alcoholic drinks with more than 0,5 percent alcohol were forbidden. Thirteen of the thirty-one states introduced similar laws around 1850. However, the means of alliance and states for the effective enforcement were completely inadequate to the Prohibition. Follow of the national prohibition was that the Mafia made this prohibition useful to itself, they built black distillery in great extent to produce the alcohol, they smuggled it, they sold illegal through so-called bootleggers, they also sold it into Speakeasies (camouflaged Saloons) and they bribed the police the follow of all these illegal wheelings and dealings were a rapid increase of organised crime all over the USA . To this time the developing of the American Mafia was on its peak. It was expanding like never before in the United States. The fact that a thing so many people wanted to have was illegal and easy to produce was almost perfect for the organised crime and the Mafia. War of the women: But in 1873 the spectacular â€Å"war of the women† broke out everywhere in the United States. They were protesting against the Saloons which were the places of the greatest alcohol consumption and in 1900 the woman found the Anti-Saloon-League of America (ASL) that performed great political influence in the following time. Until 1916 23 of the 48 states issued Anti-Saloon Laws for the closing of the Saloons and for the prohibition of the production of alcoholic drinks. These laws were not a disaster for the gangster culture but they already lost some money in their bootlegging business. In the initial phase of the world economy crisis the prohibition opponents argued convincing, that that the prohibition disabled the increase of jobs and the income of taxes it also added the stagnation of the economy. In December 1933 the US congress with great majority discharged the 21st condition addition, with which the 18th addition, the Prohibition, was cancelled. The control of the alcohol consumption rested now on the individual states. Until 1966 every state had cancelled their prohibition laws. That was bitter for the Mafia and the Dons, because they lost one of their most important businesses and had to look for other ways to make good money. Other Businesses: The Bootlegging business was not the only illegal business in which the Mafia was involved in. Another fact why the Mafia was so successful in organised crime was because they were so flexible and had many other businesses. One of them was the Extortion of protection money which was already done in Sicily in the 1700à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s. Pictures of a black hand (which was the sign for the Mafia in Sicily) were distributed to the wealthy. This was an unspoken request for an amount of money in return for protection. If the money wasn’t paid, the recipients could expect violence such as kidnappings, bombings, and murder. The methods did not change in the USA when the extorted business did not accept the assimilation to the family it had to fear terror. In cities were the Mafia was really present whole areas were extorted and did what the Don wanted them to do. The Black Hand fear became such a problem that a special Italian branch of the police had to be formed, this was essential as the immigrants did not trust the Irish/American law force, and the police had no understanding of Italian customs or behaviour. A whole net of organised crime was over the towns were the Mafia was, they controlled the illegal business like bootlegging, extortion, machine gambling, bookmaking, loan sharking, labour racketeering and kidnapping but also legal businesses like food production, they owned restaurants, they controlled the garbage disposal as well as the garment manufacturing, bars and taverns and Labour unions as well. The Don’s The Dons â€Å"owned† the cities with there businesses, they controlled everything that happened in â€Å"their towns† and ran the city in whatever way they felt. They and their gangs had a great part that the Mafia could develop in the US. The strongest and therefore probably the most famous individuals in the history of the American Mafia were Vito Cascio Ferro (Don Vito), Charlie Luciano (Lucky Luciano), Joseph Bonano (Joey Bananas, Alphonse Capone (to his friends: â€Å"Snorky,† among some members of the press: â€Å"Scarface†). These handsome individuals were so powerful and influencing that they had a great part why the Mafia could establish itself in America in the 1920à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s to the 1940à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s. Vito Cascio Ferro (1862- 1945): Vito Cascio Ferro was responsible for the establishing the communication between the Sicilian and U.S. Mafia. Cascio Ferro came to New York in 1900, he already had established himself in Sicily where he commited kidnapping, extortion, arson, and threatening officials. Ferroà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s activities in the U.S. are not clear, but he killed at least one man. This man, called Benedetto Madonia, had been trying to establish a counterfeiting ring in Don Vito’s territory without permission or authority of Don Vito. He was killed really brutally,he was cut in pieces and put into a barrel with his penis and testicles in his mouth. This showed how dangerous the Mafia was already in its early stages, as well as that the police could not really stop the uprising criminal society in the U.S. in the 1920à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½- 1940à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s. Don Vito fled to New Orleans before the police could ask him one question ,he spent time organising his own counterfeiting ring along with establishing a connection for heroin smuggling with Sicily. Again nobody could stop the establishment of Don Vito. Everything seemed to be alright till Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino(police officer), could give evidence for Vitoà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s illegal activities. These evidence forced him to return to Sicily where he quickly established himself as head of all Mafiosi. Again everything seemed to be alright till Lieutenant Petrosino once again appeared in his life. He came to sicily in 1909 to prove the connection between the U.S. and Sicilian mobs and hopefully to have some criminals extradited back to the U.S., including Cascio Ferro, but Petrosino soon was murdered in Sicily probably by Vito himself and two other gunmen. This story was never proved by evidence. After the killing of Lieutenant Petrosino Don Vito became even more popular in both the Sicilian and U.S. underworlds this fact helped him to establish himself as a well respected businessman in Palermo. For a certain time everything worked well, Vito even began to send Mafiosi to the U.S. to help build a criminal empire there. In 1921 Benito Mussolini came to power, one of his major aims were to destroy the strong Mafia organisation, Vito had established. Vito who had seen this coming had sent Salvatore Maranzano to the States to take over the crime empire there and to establish the Mafia in America even more. He actually planned to follow Marranzano and take over leadership himself but he never got the chance, because he was arrested in 1929. Vito Cascio Ferro was sentenced to life imprisonment. Vito Cascio Ferro established the Mafia in America, he also made sure that this criminal society had a future in the USA when he sent more Mafiosi to the States. Charlie Luciano (1896 – 1962): Charlie Luciano was born in Lercara Friddi, Sicily, on 11th November, 1896. His family moved to the United States in 1906 and they settled in New York. He began his criminal career by selling drugs when he was really young. In 1915 he was arrested in the possession of several kilos of heroin. When he came out of prison he again chose the criminal career. In 1920 he became a member of a Mafia gang, which had allready established itself in America. By 1925 Luciano criminal career was going really well, he became the Donà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s second hand, he directed bootlegging, prostitution and drug distribution. In 1929 a gang war broke out between Lucianoà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s Don and Salvatore Maranzano. During this gang war Luciano was kidnapped by Maranzano’s men and was stabbed with an ice pick. His attackers thought he was dead and therefore left him. But he miraculously survived and was known from now on as Lucky Luciano. In April 1931, Luciano, Albert Anastasia and Bugsy Siegel, were involved in the murder of their Don, Joe Masseria. They now controlled the Mob Masseria had left and the business as well, so they therefore controlled one of the strongest Mafia gangs to this time. This was not enough power for Luciano, six months later he arranged the killing of Salvatore Maranzano with the help of Meyer Lansky. Luciano was now the most important criminal boss in New York and one reason why the Mafia could establish itself in the USA in the 1920à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s – 1940à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s. But this was still not enough power for him and he therefore joined with Louis Lepke Buchalter, Abe Reles and Albert Anastasia to form Murder Incorporated which was an organisation that carried out executions for money. This again showed how strong the Mafia already was, they found a killing organisation under the eyes of the American law. Everything went well for the American Mafia and Lucky Luciano till 1936 when he was sentenced for a life in prison for 30 years. But once again the Mafia in the US showed its strength, Luciano could continue controlling his criminal empire from prison. In February, 1946, he was deported to Italy where he lived for a short time, but in 1947 he went to Cuba to control his criminal activities in the USA. The US were able to get rid of his activities when they sent him back to Italy again. He died of a heart attack in Naples on 26th January, 1962. Lucky Luciano was really important for the rise of the American Mafia because he unlike Maranzano, who tried to impose himself as the Emperor in an organisation modelled after the Roman Empire, Luciano organised a decentralised structure in which the major crime families divided up territories and spheres of activities and met, when necessary, to mediate differences between the various families. This served to prevent the all-out wars that had wracked the Mafia in the 1930’s while allowing organised crime to grow even richer and more entrenched in the United States of America. Charlie Luciano gained a lot of power when he killed two of the most powerful Donà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s in the USA, he also stopped the gang wars and reorganised the system how the Mafia worked. Joseph Bonanno (1905 – 2002): Joseph Bonanno became the boss of one of the most prominent crime families in the world, the Bonanno crime family. He began his career with extorting money from businesses and little crimes. In 1927 Salvatore Maranzano, who had been sent over by Don Vito Cascio Ferro, the Italian man who dreamed of Mafia control overseas, had arrived to meet up with Bonanno and others to bring the American Mafia under Don Vito’s control. Maranzano began a fight with the man who, until then, led Mafia activities in New York: Joe The Boss Masseria. The war between them became known as the Castellemarese War. Several young Mafiosi’s were involved in this war, Lucky Luciano, Bugsy Siegel, Meyer Lansky and indeed Joseph Bonano, known as the young generation of mobsters. Lucky Luciano, Joe Bonanno and others were tired of the bloodshed, and fearful that all of this violence would draw too much attention from the authorities on their interests, set up a meeting which led to the creation of the crime Commission, and hits on Masseria, and Maranzano, marking the end of the era of the Mustache Petes. The Commission consisted of five Mafia families, and the Bonanno Mafia family was one of them. Bonanno took over what used to be mainly Maranzano’s faction. This Commision was really important for the uprising of the Mafia because it made sure thet the families would not fight against each other. Bonanno did not like violent conflicts, he therefore ruled his family with fairness, and in addition to his to gambling and other rackets, focused his attention on more legitimate ventures such as the clothing industry, and funeral businesses. Bonanno established himself on the West Coast, particularly California, and Arizona, and other countries such as Cuba, and Canada which again shows the great influence of Bonanno and the American Mafia to this time. Joseph Bonanno was never convicted of a serious crime. He was once fined $450 and was jailed for terms of 8 and 14 months for contempt of court for refusing to answer questions but he never had been to prison any longer then 14 months. He was really important for the uprising Mafia society because he got rid of the old generation mobster, he also set up the Commision to calm the gang wars down and took over a great crime empire of Salvatore Moranzano, which made him one of the most powerful Donà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s of the Mafia history. Alphonse Capone (1899 – 1947): Al Capone, how he was also called, is probably the most famous Mafia Boss in the history of the American Mafia. He was born in New York and was the fourth oldest of nine children. He was known as a brutal Neapolitan mobster from the younger generation, who became a powerful force in the Sicilian-American Mafia and is therefore important for the question why the Mafia could rise in America. He is probably so well known because he was as an organisational and motivational genius who served as one of the architects of the nation-wide criminal Syndicate. Al Capone’s philosophy was that laws only applied to people who had enough money to live by them. He grew up in the slums of Brooklyn & received the nickname â€Å"Scarface† as the result of a knife wound. He was a fearsome enforcer for Five Points leader Johnny Torrio. Johnny Torrio stablished himself in Chicago’s Colosimo gang Capone quickly rose to the top of the Colosimo crime empire, which thanks to Torrio and Capone, included bootleg liquor among its enterprises. Capones real time came after Torrio narrowly escaped death on Jan. 24, 1925 and left the whole gang with all its businesses to Capone. Capone organised the syndicate with a plan to make crime in Chicago and throughout the United States run like a business monopoly. Through violence Capone became king of the Chicago underworld, â€Å"The Master Criminal.† With his methods he established a $110-million-a-year empire out of bootleg liquor, gambling, prostitution & labor rackets. The police tried several times to imprison him but too many businesses were tied to legal ones and too many officials, politicians and policeman were bribed by Capone. After a series of wars against other Mafia gangs a new national Syndicate was set up which was another step to establish the American Mafia even more. But he could enjoy the new underworld just for about a month. At the end of October in 1931 he was sentenced to 11 years in prison for tax evasion. He already suffered from syphilis and in jail it was getting worse . He managed to leave prison and was never again involved in underworld affairs. He died in 1947 as maybe the greatest Mafia Boss the world has ever seen. His ability to co-ordinate, managing and motivate people made him one of the most powerful Mafia individuals and he had a great deal why the Mafia could establish itself in America. The Mafia in the 1920’s – 1940’s was so powerful that the Don’s and their gangs could do what ever they wanted to do. It is questionable if the individuals of the Mafia were just more powerful and the circumstances too perfect for the growth of the Mafia, or if the Police and the politicians in America were just too weak. What I can say for sure is that throughout history the Mafia was probably the system which was better organised than every government and more powerful than every other gangster culture this world has ever seen because many things that came together by chance which made America a perfect ground for the growth of a gangster culture. One of the most important reasons was the vicious increase in foreign immigrants during that time in America, it flooded some of the most mighty Don’s in American history to the USA and gave these Don’s the Mob they needed. Another thing was that these Don’s were able to keep a really strict discipline, organisation and hierarchy. Also important for the birth of this gangster culture was the prohibition, the fact that alcohol was illegal and the Mafia could produce it and sell it made it rich, but they had indeed other businesses too. The mighty Dons with their great gangs organised all these businesses and made the phenomenon Mafia in America in the 1920’s and 1940’s possible. Bibliography: Albini, Joseph: The American Mafia: Genesis of a Legend /Appleton-Century-Crofts (1971) Arlacchi, Pino: Men of Dishonour: Inside the Sicilian Mafia /William Morrow & Company, Inc. (1992) Catania, Enzo: MAFIA /St. Martin’s Press (1978) Foreman, Laura: True Crime: Mafia /Time-Life Books (1993) Reid, Ed: The Grim Reapers: The Anatomy of Organised Crime in America /Henry Regnery Company (1969) Repetto, Thomas: American Mafia: A History of its Rise to Power /Henry Holt and Company (2004) Short, Martin: Crime Inc.: The Story of Organised Crime /Arrow Books Ltd. (1997) Sondern, Frederick: Brotherhood of Evil: The Mafia /Farrar, Straus and Cudahy (1959) Sterling, Claire: Octopus: The Long Reach of the International Sicilian Mafia /W.W. Norton & Company, (1990) Chambliss, William: Eine kriminelle Vereinigung. Politik und Verbrechen in den USA (1978) Websites: â€Å"A Brief History Of The Mafia http://www.pressanykey.com/mafia/history.html â€Å"Al Capone† http://www.tincat.demon.co.uk/alcapone.htm â€Å"Charles Luciano http://www.gambino.com/bio/charlesluciano.htm â€Å"How The Mafia Started† http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/lobby/9880/started.html