Problems Of The Ie Policy Formulation Education Essay

The hypothesis of this survey is stressing the jobs of the IE policy preparation and execution. It can be seen as a major root cause of hapless educational accomplishment among the PWDs is reasonably supported harmonizing to the research findings. However, the research worker discovered that there are more critical issues than the IE policy that affect the educational success of the handicapped kids in Myanmar. This chapter summarizes the research findings from the field work by measuring the hypothesis and aims of the research which determine whether the IE policy has been good implemented. It besides includes a decision of of several issues that hinder the educational chances for the PWDs and their degree of engagement in the policy preparation. In order to sit the interviewee with some respondents from DPOs, the challenges of accessing IE services the deficiency of sufficient instructors, the deficiency of committedness, and the deficiency of hope by agencies of instruction, poorness. Besides, human rights misdemeanors, the deficiency of public services, hapless execution of instruction policy, and the deficiency of relevant course of studies, and the deficiency of school liberty are major factors that influence the instruction development of CWDs. The first portion of this chapter summarizes the cardinal findings of the fieldwork on how the IE policy meets the challenges of better educational chances for the PWDs in Myanmar and what factors undermine the instruction development chance for the PWDs in primary and lower secondary degrees. The 2nd portion of the chapter covers a decision and recommendations related to the IE policy.DecisionBased on the research findings, it can be concluded that a demand for better educationa l substructure in Myanmar should be addressed every bit desperately as possible in order to make development chance for the PWDs. The construct of IE means welcoming all CWDs without favoritism in formal schools. Indeed, the focal point are on capacities, developmental demands, and potencies of all kids including the CWDs. IE ‘s efforts to suit the CWDs into the normal scenes can besides be a really ascendant factor over the public presentation ability and the rational accomplishments of the pupils with disablements. This research proved that the auxiliary supports for their disablements are needed for advancing the CWDs ‘ overall development in an optimum scene. These supports include a consideration of overall organisation, course of study and schoolroom pattern, support for larning and staff development. The survey calls for regard of difference and diverseness of single features and demands. Sing school related environmental issue, socio-cultural and poverty issue and other policy related factors, self-respect, equality and disablement rights are really of import because they provide a opportunity for the PWDs to relocate their involvement in larning. Sum uping the findings of this survey, current IE policy execution procedures might non be the most serious issue that direly undermines the learning ability of CWDs, but it does impact the attitudinal alterations and the guaranting educational chances for CWDs to acquire the societal interaction in the society. However, it would be well hard to make a genuinely inclusive educational environment for some handicapped kids depending on their disablements. This does non intend that the CWDs should be segregated in particular schools and isolated from all life in that environment. Even though Myanmar authorities signed Education for All, the practical execution is far from desired. Therefore, the research worker strongly argues that there should be an appropriate environment for PWDs that it would non be good to anyone if including it in the same puting every bit as other non-disabled people in both instruction and societal sectors. In fact, this is besides the rights of PWDs clearly determined by the international norms such as Declaration of Human Rights in which Myanmar already ratified and Bali Declaration on Inclusive Development for People with Disabilities and United Nation Convention on Right for People with Disabilities which were signed in 2011. In add-on, this survey has highlighted the challenges of the PWDs to make the end of EFA through IE policy in Myanmar. The existent challenge of the inclusive instruction is to run into the particular demands of all CWDs but now the authorities ‘s execution program has been hindered by both the nature of the policy itself and the insufficient support support. To work out these challenges, the authorities needs to get the better of all types of barriers mainly instruction policy reforming procedure, the altering procedure of social-cultural beliefs, poorness issues, and school related patterns and manners of acquisition of the CWDs. Furthermore, budget restriction is another of import factor impacting the execution of the IE policy. This survey found that the authorities ‘s budget allotment for instruction for the PWDs is less than wellness and rehabilitation services. Therefore, educational substructure is extremely required to be provided for the CWDs in order to accomplish their societal and educational development. In add-on, schools and sufficient instructors in all countries should be provided by the authorities and acquisition should be free for all non merely in theory but a stronger execution must be in topographic point to assure an equal acquisition chance. Limited apprehensions of the construct of disablement, negative attitudes toward the CWDs and a hard-boiled opposition to alter are the major barriers hindering inclusive instruction. Of peculiar concern is the fact that the attitudes of parents and instructors are seen as the decisive factors for successful inclusion. Since the research findings showed that IE instruction without proper version to the local context is still weak for the CWDs in prosecuting quality instruction, schools should hold specially trained instructors in disablement intervention, enabling them to give supports in learning in order to advance the pupil ‘s competence and larning ability in instruction. With regard to this, bing theories of inclusive instruction have been proven to be successful in other states. However, Myanmar IE policy alteration is non the lone issue to be addressed in advancing the educational criterion of the PWDs, but the perceptual experience of the parents in the public toward their kids sustainable development should besides be taken into consideration. In fact, based on the findings, the research worker strongly argues that there is besides a demand for legal protection of human rights misdemeanors against the CWDs since the research clearly identified that the equality and the just undermine acquisition chances for the CWDs which subsequently greatly affect on their single development. In add-on, the research worker strongly believes that there should be a better execution in instruction and larning procedure in which the CWDs are extremely motivated to larn through particular instruction. The current instruction and larning procedure does non turn to the single acquisition demands and the course of study lack the needed flexibleness to provide to the demands of the CWDs. There is small range for kids ‘s engagement in originative activities or critical thought and instructors lack preparation and experience in instruction and managing the CWDs. Furthermore, the high cost of disablement related stuffs was another discouraging factor of the CWDs to entree inclusive instruction services. With the strong committedness to the long term basic instruction development program and EFA-NAP, MOE tries at its best to raise the quality of basic instruction for all school-aged kids in both formal and non-formal instruction. The state ‘s educational resources for the PWDs should be strengthened and brought in line with the CRPD. In add-on, a house foundation for future growing of IE for all CWDs across the state should be put in topographic point now. In-depth research on IE for CWDs is a cardinal constituent to develop internal expertness and supply quality recommendations to the authorities and will press the authorities to go through the revised Universal Primary Education which provides the legal foundation for IE for CWDs. To sum up, the of import consequences of these findings are that inclusive instruction plan recognizes the demand for seting the larning plan to alter conditions in the society. The instruction system caters for all kids non merely in formal schools who because of the necessity of schooling in-migration for the particular schools and community acquisition centres. Thereby wholly neglected those in the rural countries where a great step of resources for development resides. Most underdeveloped states are in make bolding demand to develop national consciousness among the citizens. This has been one of the major obstructions to national development and integrating. Therefore, the research worker strongly argues that the major impact on educational accomplishment of the CWDs is the happier larning environment for them but it would besides make with a sense of regard, and self-respect among the community.RecommendationFrom the policy analyzing, single interviews, and concentrate group tre atment, the following are recommendations that are proposed by the research worker in order to inform all stakeholders who work in the inclusive instruction, irrespective of formal and particular instruction. At the same clip, this research is hoped that the information on disablement related issues will be of involvement and utile to me/LNGOs, DPOs, and other establishments to develop the disablement and instruction plans and community development plans.Datas on disablementAccurate informations is of import demands for advancing the handiness of the wider understanding about the current state of affairs and for making an analysis on the impacts of the current instruction policy toward the development of the PWDs. The current informations on disablement merely is based upon the First Myanmar National Disability Survey, so the research worker would extremely urge that farther study or research be done in order to propose a possible reform in instruction in the hereafter.School relate d factorsThe major recommendation is an constitution of a particular instruction plan in all authorities schools that would offer particular instruction categories in each mainstream school. All categories incorporating CWDs should hold a sensible ratio of instructors and pupils, and the instructors should be particularly trained to hold a disablement consciousness, particularly those instructors who taught kids with ocular damages, hearing damages and rational disablements. There needs to be a useable infinite for the varied demands of direction in the schools. The age of entry into and go forthing from the particular categories should be flexible. Besides, the schools should be equipped with appropriate instruction stuffs.Originating extra-curricular activities in and out of schoolParticular attempts should be made to affect the CWDs in particular athleticss and games. These activities help them bask school more and review their head, and construct their organic structures. In add -on, these extra-curricular activities for all CWDs are really indispensable. From the survey of best patterns, it is clear that the induction of inclusive patterns has been a consequence of concerted community consciousness. This is an of import parametric quantity non merely for advancing inclusion outside the schoolroom among kids, but besides for blossoming diverse potencies and endowments of both kids with and without disablements.Socio -cultural factorsThe engagement of parents, instructors and health professionals is really indispensable. Earlier surveies showed that for desirable partnership to predominate among instructors, parents and health professionals, a common sharing of cognition, accomplishments, experiences and decision-making is required ( Semakula, 1999 ) . Long-run and short-run developments of the educational plans are based non merely on the CWDs involvements and abilities, but besides their households ‘ supports and precedences. Obviously, the positive parental attitude toward schooling will supply a sound foundation for bettering the kids ‘s acquisition. Therefore, uninterrupted awareness-raising activities should non merely be for parents or health professionals, but besides for other community members.Policy factorsThe authorities should set in topographic point statute law that makes all CWDs as the donee of mandatory instruction so that there should besides be statute law to guarantee uninterrupted proviso of disablement friendly learning stuffs and the physical school substructures. Furthermore, the authorities should develop more adept instructors of particular demands instruction, and give them some particular motive about community mobilisation. The ultimate educational end for CWDs should be focused on either mainstreaming or particular schools and community based resource centres for a go oning long term shooting. Last, the authorities should supply more fiscal support and political protection to guarantee that th e particular tools and equipment necessary for the acquisition of CWDs become cheaper and more accessible. At the execution degree, it can be seen that the kid centre attack can make full the spread to the failure of the formal instruction system in linkage between instructors and the CWDs. The attack can be applied in many extents such as course of study reforms, active instruction manners, and significantly a infinite to use what they want to larn from their existent life patterns. At the national degree, along with the arguments, treatment, and the authorities ‘s strong will to take reform, reforming the whole dismantled instruction system will take the certain figure of old ages, using the lessons learned from current inclusive instruction plans. Apart from this, it should be really of import to make a policy and infinite where the cooperation among IE pilot undertakings, I/LNGOs, DPOs and the authorities.

Reflection †IOM Future of Nursing Essay

Knowledge can give nurses greater power to take action and lack of knowledge can leave nurses powerless to provide safe or effective care ( Innocent, 2011). During this difficult economic time many recruiters prefer to hire experienced nurse with knowledge. To gain knowledge one must have education. Education makes a difference in how we perceive things, provides in depth study of nursing research, leadership, management, and helps understand social, cultural, political and economic issues that affect patients and influence care. According to the IOM report in Recommendation 4: to increase the proportion of nurses with a BSN to 80% by 2020. Increasing the level of education, increases not only knowledge but gives in depth study of other fields in nursing and research. Earning a BSN degree will make one more confident to deliver safe and quality care. Research has shown the importance of baccalaureate education in relation to patient outcomes. Nurses need to educate themselves because they are the ones who provide almost all direct patient care in the hospitals and other areas. IOM report is a wakeup call to nurses who just have their diploma or associate degree to enroll into the BSN program. Having a BSN degree is preferred in much hospital as an entry level standard. Therefore completing BSN gives more opportunities for leadership and management job, helps provide quality care and improve patient safety, and helps the nurses participate in research projects. Another recommendation put forth by the IOM is Recommendation 5: Double the number of nurses with doctorate degree by 2020. Healthcare needs more nurses with doctorates to educate nurses, lead change and advance health care in America. A higher degree of clinical skill and knowledge enhances the leadership skills and keep with the pace of  the growing demands in healthcare. Nurses need to get their doctorate which gives them more autonomy, money and power. Have a doctorate degree, helps build up on what you already know and use the clinical skill learned in research, create and bring about change for the better in the lives of the patients. There are more jobs open for a doctorate in nursing in the field of research, labs, universities, administrative positions in the hospitals and insurance company. Ensure lifelong learning as per IOM recommendation 6: Ensure learning to keep up with the demand of the changes in technology, and gain competencies needed to deliver care of diverse populations. Lifelong learning contributes to the development of knowledge and skill in nursing. A focus on continuous learning is necessary to remain current on trends, practices, and the newest treatments in the field of nursing(Wetters, 2011). Increasing education gives every nurse the confidence to compete in the job market. Knowledge and skills learned can be enhanced through education and lifelong learning experience to keep up with the pace of the growing needs of the healthcare industry. Every nurse should engage in a learning process to keep up with the challenges of this century. Nurses have given a wide scope of practice and one should take advantage of that to enhance oneself to better job where one can help train the new generation of nurses. Education will always be an assess in today’s job market as well as in the future. Every nurse should encourage and support one another to higher learning. Reference Innocent, K. (2011. January). Knowledge, A Power Source for Nurses. Nursing center. Retrieved on April, 13 from http://www.nursingcenter.com/Blog/post/2011/01/14/Knowledge-A-Power-Source-for-Nurses.aspx http://www.thefutureofnursing.org/recommendation/detail/recommendation-6 Wetters, K. (2011, January). Culture of Lifelong learning in Nursing. Fostering a culture of curiosity. Retrieved on April 13, 2013 from http://www.rightathome.net/foxvalley/blog/culture-of-lifelong-learning-in-nursing-joliet-illinois/

Outline of Financial Fraud by Bernie Madoff Essay

Outline of Financial Fraud by Bernie Madoff - Essay Example The fraud crime committed by Bernie Madoff remains the biggest fraud crime ever committed by anyone. It was beyond anybody’s imagination that a single person could trick so many intelligent and smart investors. Mr Madoff’s Ponzi scheme involved fraud of $65 billion, making a huge impact on the areas of the financial services industry. This was an example of a Ponzi scheme. A Ponzi scheme refers to the idea of using the new money to pay off old investors (Brigham & Ehrhardt 2013, p.265). Even though Mr Madoff was later on arrested in 2008 and is currently serving his 150-year imprisonment sentence, investors are still afraid of a recurrence of such a fraudulent scheme. Questions without answers continue streaming onto how even his close family members like his wife and two sons were unable to detect his fraudulent means. Madoff claimed that he carried out the fraud by himself, but there was a total of five others who had pleaded guilty to criminal charges by December 201 1 (Giles 2012, p.10). The Ponzi scheme like the one by Bernie Madoff was perpetrated based on the theory of rational expectations, mainly built on trust. His massive investment fraud was as a result of the trust investors had on him, built on his success in the Wall Street. It is common for general to rely on the judgements of others when making their investment decisions. Madoff would, for instance, use the word of mouth to popularise his investment ventures. For years, he had been a well-respected figure in the investment community. The success of his fraud could, therefore, be attributed to trust many people had on him. He used the many people who trusted him, so as to gain the trust of others. A small amount of initial trust grew into a large amount of trust, even though most of the trust was based on the little first-hand information. Instead of scrutinizing the primary source materials behind his venture, the investors tended to rely on the identities and the reputations of those who already trusted Madoff.     

CRJS406(1) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CRJS406(1) - Research Paper Example This entails establishing barriers, which will ensure that every crucial piece of evidence is maintained, in addition to sealing all entrances and exits to control entrances while excluding nonessential personnel and bystanders. The management of physical threats will make certain that safety of evidence and those authorized to be in the scene are handled in a secure manner. The barriers can comprise scene tape, vehicles, law enforcement officers, and barricades. Thirdly, a log is created which notes every person who crosses the barrier including the instances in which they come in and exit. This involves recording clear and succinct information regarding the preliminary observations and events. The aim of this documentation is to acquire information that will corroborate investigative considerations (Hess & Orthmann, 2009). Notably, the official investigators entering the scene need to wear proper protecting clothing, comprising a collection of overalls, facemasks, paper shoes, and latex gloves. After leaving the scene, every protecting clothing needs to be analyzed in order to avoid the danger of losing precious trace evidence (Hess & Orthmann, 2009). ... Every crime incident leaves out some traces at the scene, and since most of the traces are normally transient and brittle, when disturbed can destroy their reliability and preservation. Securing the scene will help the investigators to appropriately deduce details, in order to reconstruct the events that took place. Therefore, the goal of securing the scene is preserve the physical integrity of the traces (Sutton & Trueman, 2013). Walkthrough Walk-through is the first assessment conducted by an investigator by vigilantly walking through the scene in order to assess the state of affairs, identify likely evidence, in addition to determining the resources needed (Hess & Orthmann, 2009). The intention is to recognize threats to the crime scene integrity in order to safeguard the physical evidence. Even though the goal of Walk-through is to mentally prepare the premises regarding the reconstruction of scene, the theories can and should change as investigation advances (Dutelle, 2011). Dur ing the initial walkthrough, the primary responsibility before else is to reduce scene contamination. This entails establishing both entry and exit points, and the pathway. The other role of walkthrough is to determine the necessity for individual protective equipment before entry, followed by a documentation of the scene as initially observed. The objective is to recognize and protect fragile evidence, and it involves evaluating the crowds or hostile environment. It also entails a concluding survey, whose objective is to affirm that the scene has been effectively and entirely processed (Dutelle, 2011). Documentation The objective of crime scene documentation is to generate enduring and objective traces of the scene, including the physical

Case Study Proposal Format Ford Motor Company Recalls on Ford Vehicles Essay

Case Study Proposal Format Ford Motor Company Recalls on Ford Vehicles - Essay Example As the sales increased, the recall issue arose and juggling the two between the limited dealers capacity, brought the sales for Lincoln MKZ down (Miller, 2014). The ford cars have been marred with a number of recalls over the recent tines for a number of problems. Ford recalled it 2013-14 c-max engine cars and escape due to software malfunctions that may delay the activation of the airbags. The company recalled 2013 Ford C-max energi in order to rectify the potential problem in a defective child lock installation in the rear door of the car. Ford also recalled 2013 Ford focus Electric and C-max vehicles because of the inability for the door chime to work when the driver’s door was open. Ford recalled 2013 C-Max hybrids because the lack of panoramic roofs did not make it compliant to the federal laws for protecting against vehicle head injuries. Ford also recalled 2012-13, Ford Edge due to the fire hazards that may result from the potential leaks from its 2.0 liter engines (Edmunds.com, 2014). These are just some of the recent recalls. Ford has a strong history of recalls for problems that range from assembly issues, defective components to non-compliance with state laws. The Ford escape is one major example that has been recalled 10 times for different reasons. This portrays the company’s inability to show consistency in offering perfect vehicles. The recurring nature of these recalls depict the fact that ford needs a strategic organizational overhaul to strengthen its key production department functions like quality control, product testing, compliance, assembly supervision actions etc. Alan Mulally, former CEO of Ford spoke at the automotive news world congress to voice his company’s challenges of increasing production, introducing innovative vehicles and delivering these launches on time (NAUGHTON, 2010). However the current Mark Fields faces is keeping the company’s image up, revamping its production line to rectify

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Paper - Essay Example Panem is the nation that Hunger Games took place which is in North America. This nation has 12 districts with Capitol being one of the districts that are wealthiest district. All the other 12 districts are poor but District 12 is located in a region where coal is available in plenty, the region was known as Appalachia. In each and every district on annual basis a boy and a girl who are in the age of 12 to 18 are taken where they compete in battle of death where one individual should only remain after the battle. The selection of the participant is done by a lottery method. In the theme of inequality between rich and poor in Panem wealth is concentrated on the hands of few individuals who live in Capitol and other certain districts. This is due to the difference between individuals who are rich and those who are poor. This difference is revealed in the novel but the most notable difference is on food. In those districts which the poor are numerous, many of the individuals do not have anything to eat and they starve while others have plenty in the Panem. Katniss lives in the district 12 and thus as a resident she notes starvation is a common to all the residents of district 12. This means that she has to take all the measures possible so that she can get something for the family using illegally ways. She even goes to an extent of going beyond the borders of the district 12 so that she can get food for her family. Most of the residents in district 12 do not know to hunt and thus they see as if katniss family has a lot while it was just something small. A fter the hunt Katniss family concludes that if one has something to eat others are luxuries. Katniss, while looking for food learns that peeta’s family has a lot since they have a bakery and thus they are considered as the rich in the district. Katniss is not able to buy the food and thus depends on the leftovers. When she is in Capitol, she finds that everybody who is there is enjoying lavish feast and other

What did Christopher accomplish in his quest of finding the truth on Essay

What did Christopher accomplish in his quest of finding the truth on who killed the dog - Essay Example You also have to understand how machines work and I’m good at understanding how machines work. You also have to be someone who would like being on their own in a tiny space-craft thousands and thousands of mile† quote from chapter 83 Quote 3. â€Å"Mr. Jeavons said that I liked maths because it was safe. He said I liked maths because it meant solving problems, and these problems were difficult and interesting but there was always a uncomplicated answer at the end. And what he meant was that maths wasn’t like life because in life there are no straightforward answers at the end.† Explanation of collage. Pictures from 1 to 5 is the plot of the story from finding the mystery of the dog’s death then going further to the complicated life of Christopher and his discoveries. Being an autistic child, it was hard for him to accept the truth of his father’s lies, and he had to go away to find his place outside of his father’s authority. The story does not end in finding who the real killer was, but in discovering truths hidden from him. Finally, we find Christopher escaping and finding his place in the real world, where he excels in. Justifications for chosen quotation. Quote no. 1 is appropriate as it signals beginning of the story and investigation. Although far from murder, Quote 2 in picture 3 is chosen as it showed Christopher’s desire to get out after he discovered the truths. Quote 3 suggests that he finds solving problems in math easier to do than solving mysteries in life. Then Quote 4 finds Chris dreaming he is alone and finding life easier when those bothering him are gone. Quotes and scenes came from (Haddon,

MGT599 MoD 2 SLP Assignment External Environment Analysis Essay

MGT599 MoD 2 SLP Assignment External Environment Analysis - Essay Example Furthermore, Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) regulations are also introduced by the Food Standard Agency in order to safeguard the food products through proper analysis and evaluation of biological, chemical and physical risk arising at the time of developing or manufacturing it (Food Standard Agency, 2011a). This law is introduced in order to protect the food product from procurement of appropriate raw materials, handling, manufacturing and ultimately selling or consumption, by target customers. Therefore, by procuring proper raw materials, high quality of ingredients might be offered to the customers, so as to reduce the intensity of obesity or any other harmful disorder. This regulation acts as an opportunity for the Kraft food group as it might prove effective in attracting a wide range of customers towards the brand. By improvement in the range of customers, the profitability and brand value of the Kraft food group may get amplified in the market among other rival players. Economic: The economic factors such as consumer spending, disposable income, inflation, unemployment etc might offer significant impact over the organization offering food products. The recent economic downturn of 2007-2008 created considerable changes over the food retail industry. This crisis also offers negative impact over the buying behavior of the customer, due to lack of disposable income. As the rate of unemployment increases; the rate of per capita income of the customers decreases significantly and so their buying behavior also gets hindered significantly (Mintel Group Ltd, 2009). Therefore, due to reduction of the buying behavior, the rate of total sale and profitability of the organization reduces that hinders its total revenue and market share. Thus, such type of economic impacts acts as a threat for the Kraft food group as it decreased its total sale and profitability in the

Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Foreign Policy - Essay Example Freedom is an imperative ideal in the Western culture and governance based on democratic principles upholds the aspect to the latter. The NSC 68 describes the value as a correlation of individuals or parties which is devoid of repression or intimidation; the lack of disabling rules for a certain group or person and the establishment of enabling environment; or the lack of lived situations of coercion, for example political coercion in the United States society. Whereas political liberty is usually misunderstood to mean the liberty from irrational external repression, it may also be used to connote the free enjoyment of rights, liberal aptitudes and likelihood of development, and the enjoyment of social rights. The idea can also encompass liberty from limitations on political activities or expression (Jong-Han 255-287). Equity Although inequality cannot be eliminated completely, all the members of the society should be treated the same way, before the law and by administration authorities. Nevertheless, in practice, persons with more economic muscle and education are likely to be better placed in political circles, thus often influence civil society. As a matter of fact, there may be an evenhanded political mechanism with hardly any significant levels of involvement, so long as all demographic segments and social divisions uniformly took part in the building of a society (Jong-Han 255-287). Then those who take part in the process would properly represent a section of the entire community. In view this, equity can influence the foreign policy of the United States by enhancing political justness in other countries where the federal government feels equity is hardly practiced, by increasing the population of individuals who take part in political activities and empowering civil society. When the United States encourages more people to take their destiny and the destiny of the country into their own hands through programs such as more awareness campaigns, underprivileged communities and the less educated achieve more say. Diversity According to Jong-Han (255-287), diversity is the expression used to explain political entities with participants who hold recognizable disparity in their lifestyles. It is notable that the expression implies the disparities in racial or tribal categories, age, sex, spiritual inclination, ideology, physical capacities, socioeconomic status, sexual inclination, gender identity, education, mental status, physical capacities, genetic qualities, behavior, elegance, or other recognizable attributes. In gauging human multiplicity, a variation index gauges the likelihood that any two neighbors, picked randomly, would have varied ethnic backgrounds. Diversity in this wisdom can influence the nature of United States foreign policy based on the need for a cultivation of tolerant societies which supports the different communities regardless of their unique inclinations or qualities. For instance, the country can urge other states to adopt gay legislations in order to guarantee the community of a place in the society and enhance their integration into the society (Wright 76-104) American foreign policy The United States foreign policy revolves around the manner in which the country relates with other states and establishes thresholds of correlation for its institutions, business organizations and citizens in particular. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union around 1990, the United States foreign policy became highly influential across the world, because the former was already a pale shadow of its former self, with only disparate nations to

Management of human resource Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management of human resource - Assignment Example This will result to errors in assessment. The last factor could be the changing job circumstances that may shift the goal post that were being used in the assessment (Hosie, 2006). Proper communication of the results and findings is a way that an individual can apply to bride the gap between the expectation and the actual outcome (Hosie, 2006). Another way that can be applied to cover this difference is through problem solving, which will eliminate all forms of errors, and wastages in the operations. Errors contribute to a decrease in performance, and therefore, avoiding them would be worthwhile. A person who is being rated can also work on interpersonal relationships that will foster teamwork and cooperation among the fellow workers (Chingos, 2002). The person assessing the rating should reconcile the difference by promoting the leadership spirit among the workers (Chingos, 2002). This will encourage continuous self-evaluation in the as an employee performs the tasks that are assigned to them, and enjoy more job satisfaction. The person should also acquire a better understanding of the multisource method to avoid ant y possible mistakes. The method that he chooses to use should be relevant to the nature of the business operations (Chingos,

The influence of mercantile economics on European Colonial Expansion 1500-1800 Essay Example for Free

The influence of mercantile economics on European Colonial Expansion 1500-1800 Essay 1.0  Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction   The Rise of Europe between 1500 and 1850 was largely accounted for by the growth of European nations which shared their borders with the Atlantic and, in particular, by those that engaged in colonialism and transoceanic trade. Europe was the gateway to the Americas for the Asian traders, and vica-versa. The fact that the economic performance among Atlantic trading nations blossomed due to their access to the Atlantic, is explained by the fact that countries with relatively non-absolutist initial institutions experienced faster growth[1].   Because of this, urbanisation in Western Europe grew significantly faster than in Eastern Europe after 1500 and due in large part to the growth of Atlantic traders (read countries). The process of European growth between 1500 and 1850 was attributed to those countries which had access to the Atlantic, and trade through these Atlantic ports accounted for most of the differential growth of   Europe; Western Europe in relation to Eastern Europe. With trade playing an important part in the economic and social development of most of Europe between 1500 and 1800, Europe witnessed a major revolution- The Price Revolution, starting about the 1520s to the 1630s. This long period, about 120 years in all, saw Europe undergo sustained economic growth and expansion that was marked by: A sustained demographic upsurge, in which European population about doubled By much urbanisation, expanded in scale, by a conspicuous growth of industries By dramatic overseas commercial expansion and colonial exploitation in first Africa, then Asia, the Americas: north and south, with the Caribbean Sea as the focal point A marked monetary expansion, from vast new supplies of both gold and silver from Africa and the Americas (Mexico and Peru), which fuelled an already on-going inflation (begun with earlier monetary expansion) These metals were vitally necessary for Europeans to expand their trade with Asia in particular (Asia being vastly greater in size, population, and economic wealth than the still underdeveloped west European economy), but also the Baltic regions of northern Europe and Russia, as well, where population was markedly too sparse and/or too poor to demand that much in the way of European goods (beyond salt, herrings, beer, woollens)[2]. 2.0  Ã‚  Ã‚   Overview Prior to the 19th century, agriculture played an important role in the lives of the Europeans. There was discrimination between the rich and poor. The poor had to work in the land held by the rich to make a living. There was a long period during which the wage-land rent ratio declined, that implied that there was a rise in inequality. Farmland owners were far closer to the top of the income distribution than were landless workers. At some point in the 19th century this pattern reversed, and wages started to rise relative to land rents, implying a decline in inequality. This pattern soon changed and the traditional link between factor prices and factor endowments was broken some time in the 19th century[3]. It was evident that with trade beginning to grow due to their proximity to the Atlantic, the European nations could not hold back on development. There was also the question of what caused the structural break in wage-rent ratio behaviour? The all important finger pointed to industrial growth; industrial revolutionary forces led to the break in living standards behaviour. Though the exact date or period is elusive, many scholars date the first industrial revolution in Europe from 1760, while some cited this to be from 1780. There were others who disagreed with these views altogether, but everyone were unanimous in their conclusion that, these changes came about due to the technological advance accelerated in English industry about this time (Mokyr 1990; Crafts 1994; Temin 1997)[4]. With trade growing and industrialisation taking place, the two commodities that could be produced simultaneously were: Agricultural products using land and employing labour Manufactured goods using capital and labour Though there were two options to choose from for the poor strata of society of the 1600 and 1700 Europeans, the most appealing aspect for the workers to turn away from agriculture was the sense of freedom and better life. Industries attracted the workers more, and drew them out of agriculture and into the cities, raising wages, lowering rents, and inflating the ratio of wages to rents[5]. Europe is well placed and accessible to the Americas, Asia, and within the whole of Europe itself. This was a distinct advantage that Europe had to encourage the Europeans to bolster exports. This gave rise to industrialisation and pushed trade beyond their borders. Intercontinental trade rose and this influenced prices too. It could be reasoned that trade could have influenced price factors for several centuries before the structural break occurred. However, it turned out that the growth in European overseas trade was not due to global commodity market integration, as measured by a decline in intercontinental price gaps, but rather to shift in demand and supply in Europe, Asia and the Americas (O’Rourke and Williamson 2002a)[6]. It was only in the 19th century that large-scale intercontinental trade became possible in such basic commodities as grain, animal products, coal and manufactured intermediates[7]. 3.0  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Influence Although Europe witnessed some improvements in economic institutions in the late medieval and early modern period, as mentioned earlier, rapid economic development did not begin until the emergence of political institutions providing secure property rights to a broader segment of society and allowing free entry into profitable businesses (North and Thomas, 1973, and North and Weingast, 1989)[8]. Most European countries were under the power of the monarchy. With the rise of political institutions, the power of the monarchy was constrained along with their supporters. The political institutions began to show their strength to control the power of the monarchy, and prerogatives emerged when groups that favoured change, that is commercial interests outside the royal circle, became sufficiently powerful politically. Starting 1500, and more so from 1600 onwards, countries with non-absolutist institutions and easy access to the Atlantic, trade across the Atlantic rose, that enriched and strengthened commercial interests outside the royal circle, enabling them to demand and obtain the institutional changes necessary for economic growth. This was the beginning of the shift from monarchy rule to political rule in these parts. Although profits from Atlantic trade were relatively small in terms of GDP, they were still substantial, and much greater than what was witnessed earlier. By the end of the 17th century, the volume of trade across Atlantic was much larger than that of long-distance Mediterranean trade seen ever before. Those who stood to gain by these initiatives became very rich by 17th- and 18th-century standards in Europe, and were without doubt politically and socially very powerful. What was surprising was that these changes did not take place in countries with highly absolutist institutions, such as, Spain, Portugal, and to a large extent France. The monarchy was able to suppress any political arising and control the expansion of trade. They along with their allies were the main beneficiaries of the early profits from Atlantic trade and plunder; with groups favouring change in the political arena not becoming powerful enough to induce change[9]. The path to development and growth has not always remained the same. The dynamics of accumulation, the agents of expansion, and opposition have not always been the same. There has been a great difference in the various phases of the development of capitalism through this period. We note that different rules and regulations were employed by the European nations in their quest for expansion (Aglietta 1979; Lipietz 1987, 1988). The period 1500-1800 popularly called as the mercantilist phase, trade played a pivotal role in defining the way the European nations concentrated on global mercantile economics. Merchant capital began to ex ­pand on a global scale through state-chartered companies. As Colonial expansionism was the goal of most these European countries, commerce had a big hand in pushing this initiative. The countries in Western Europe accu ­mulated capital through com ­merce, colonial plunder, slave trade, and de-farming. The European traders reached far corners of the globe in their quest and they began to specialize in the production of consumer items such as sugar, coffee, spices, fabrics, salted fish, fur, and later wheat and timber. While the production of consumer items expanded in the colonies, giving way to their colonial expansion, the effects of these measures led to the downfall of other subsistence economies in Europe and the rest of the world. In the industrial phase (1800-1890), the engine of global expansion was the industrial capital of Western Europe. A particularly important feature of this phase of capitalist development was a change in the dominant eco ­nomic discourse from protectionism to free trade and competition. The vic ­tory of the manufacturing class over the landowners and mercantile bour ­geoisie in repealing restrictive trade practices, such as the corn laws in Britain (which meant lower costs of production), marked the victory of the free traders[10]. Note: â€Å"There is a tendency among mercantilist (Krasner 1985) and regulationist (Ag ­lietta 1979) scholars to overemphasize the national dimension by regarding the world economy as a system of interacting national social formations (Aglietta 1982: 6). Although the role of the nation-state in modern societies has been very important, treating nation states as actors having connections with each other and with other organizations in the international arena makes it difficult to deal with social relations that are not between or outside states, but simply crosscut state divisions (Giddens 1990: 67). As some of the twentieth-century nation-states are torn apart by ethnic and religious conflicts, and as new social identities organized around religion or re ­gionalism are emerging, insistence on the nation-state as the unit of analysis will sig ­nificantly limit in our understanding of the political and ideological dimensions of globalization†-Mustafa Koc. The title ‘Atlantic traders’ referred to Britain, France, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain, which were the nations most directly involved in trade and colonialism with the New World and Asia. These nations maintained a rigorous attitude towards trade and expansionism. These countries, because of their proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, traded far and wide, to Asia and Americas. They were very aggressive and wanted to expand their presence around the world and were involved in colonialism-and slavery-related activities as well as trade[11]. The Rise of Europe between 1500 and 1850 is largely due to the Rise of Atlantic Europe[12]. In order to study the influence of mercantile economics on European colonial expansion, Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson used three data series to measure economic development. The three data series were: Constructed estimates of urbanisation based on the urban population of Bairoch, Batou and Ch`evre (1988)[13], which was a comprehensive dataset with information on all 2,200 European cities which had, at some time between 800 and 1800, 5,000 or more inhabitants. This data was then divided by the population estimates of McEvedy and Jones (1978)[14] to calculate urban population growth. The second in this series was to use estimates of GDP per capita from Maddison (2001)[15]. To continue with the research, the estimates chosen were from 1500, 1600, 1700, 1820, and then more frequently. Finally, the third data used was the use of European city-level data from Bairoch, Batou and Ch`evre (1988), to investigate which urban centers were driving demographic and economic growth, and also to contrast the growth of Atlantic ports to other ports and to inland cities[16]. The research was conclusive in determining whether there was a significant growth pattern based on the period 1500 1800. There were significant positive estimates to imply that Atlantic traders started to grow in 1500-1600. The estimates confirmed the positive growth pattern in large effects from the interaction between the Atlantic traders from 1600. These effects become statistically significant after 1750; the effects are statistically significant starting 1700. An important revelation from this exercise was the explicit sign that showed that perhaps the only countries with high growth potential, or those that were going to grow, engaged in substantial Atlantic trade and colonial activity. Belgium, Ireland, Denmark, Germany and Norway, despite having access to the Atlantic, either directly or via the North Sea, are stark representation of countries that did not take a major part in long distance oceanic trade or expansionism[17]. This evidence established a significant relationship between the potential for Atlantic trade and post-1500 economic development, and suggests that the opportunities to trade through the Atlantic, and the associated profits from colonialism and slavery, played an important role in the Rise of Europe[18]. 4.0  Ã‚  Ã‚   Observation We see that the influence of Atlantic trade; the opening of the sea routes to the New World, namely, Africa and Asia, and the building of colonial empires contributed to the process of West European growth between 1500 and 1800 not only through its direct economic effects, but also indirectly by inducing fundamental institutional changes, with Britain and the Netherlands (Duchy of Burgundy) leading from the front. Through their rigorous initiatives in Atlantic trade, both Britain and the Netherlands altered the balance of political power by enriching and strengthening commercial interests outside their royal circles. Through this channel, they contributed to the emergence of political institutions protecting merchants against royal power. The tendency for institutional change to emerge became more evident in societies which already had checks on royal power than in countries with absolutist regimes and monarchy-controlled trade monopolies. Those countries with easy access to the Atlantic and without a strong absolutist monarchy, Atlantic trade provided substantial profits and political power for merchants outside the royal circle. This group could demand and obtain significant institutional reforms protecting their property rights. With their newly gained power and property rights, these merchants took advantage of the growth opportunities offered by Atlantic trade, invested more, traded more, and fueled the First Great Divergence.[19]. Another point of contention in the theory of European colonial expansion was the search for precious metals and gun powder trade. Folasade Ifamose of the University of Abuja contents that, the whole region between the Volta and Niger area was acutely convulsed and destabilised by the direct involvement in the gun and gun powder trade across the Atlantic between 1500 and 1800 by the British, Dutch and Portuguese traders. The desire to capture cities with precious metals as well as those with direct access to the Atlantic coasts directly affected and influenced many of the Atlantic access nation kings to participate actively in the trans-Atlantic trade. The ultimate desire of the traditional rulers was to acquire, among other things, firearms from the triangular trade through the Portuguese, the Dutch, and the British[20]. 1590-1621 saw the Dutch swarm out all over the European, Atlantic and Asian seas and established new overseas markets. The Dutch state supported their traders in overseas trading operations and in a decisive movement accelerated the production of more ships to enhance trade and changing market opportunities. Moreover, the build-up of a reorganised army and navy in the Dutch Republic stimulated the growth of a new infrastructure of arms trade and arms production, which provided an important condition for the expansion of Dutch interests overseas[21]. The Sea is the only Empire which naturally belongs to us, conquest is not in our interest, wrote the Englishman Andrew Fletcher in 1698[22]. Few of the great ancient empires relied so much on sea power; Europe used the one resource that gave it an advantage, namely its skill in shipbuilding and navigation, to create something quite unprecedented, seaborne empires[23]. When trading possibilities proved disappointing or local populations proved hostile, Europeans turned to conquest (expansionism), along with forced extraction of resources. Next was the importation of European herds and crops, altering forever the ecological balance of these places. The production of sugar using slave labour, already perfected on Mediterranean isles, was first transferred to the near Atlantic islands and then to the Caribbean. And islands were to remain the preferred destinations for plantation economies for centuries. When one thinks about the expansion of Europe we often conflate an oceanic presence or a bounded presence on an island or a littoral, with continental territorial control, wrote Elizabeth Mancke[24]. 5.0  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion During the period 1500-1800, the world saw the expansion of trade beyond the borders of most Western European nations. Countries like Britain, Spain, Netherlands, Portugal, and France began to explore the other side of the world through the sea. The Atlantic was a convenient way for these European traders to reach beyond boundaries. Their expertise in ship-building helped them establish trading ports in Africa and Asia. However, when the local population of the African and Asian countries began to revolt, the European traders with the help of their respective rulers began to exploit and embark on a conquest policy. This way, some of the Western European nations, including Britain, Portugal and the Netherlands began to show their ascendancy in forging expansionism roles. It was from its mastery of the seas, not land, that Europe experienced its first great economic boom. The wealth accumulated through its archipelagic empires of access found its way back to Europe, partly to be invested in land, partly to capitalise new industrial enterprises that would ultimately overturn the old order of things. By the late eighteenth century the boundary between land and sea became more definite and during the nineteenth century new nation states concentrated their energies on their own interiors. The European plunderers forced many Asian and African peasants to bonded labour and took back with them all possible resources available (John R. Gillis, 2003). 6.0  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bibliography â€Å"Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson and James Robinson†, The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change, and Economic Growth, [electronic bulletin board] May 4, 2004, [cited 27 February 2007] available at econ-www.mit.edu/faculty/download_pdf.php?id=1181 â€Å"O’Rourke Kevin H and Williamson Jeffrey G†, From Malthus to Ohlin: Trade, Growth and Distribution since 1500, [electronic bulletin board] April 2003, [cited 27 February 2007] available at www.tcd.ie/Economics/TEP/2002_papers/TEPNo5KO22.pdf â€Å"O’Rourke Kevin H and Williamson Jeffrey G†, After Columbus: Explaining the Global Trade Boom 1500-1800, [electronic bulletin board] February 2001, [cited 27 February 2007] available at www.tcd.ie/Economics/TEP/2001_papers/TEPNo6KO21.pdf â€Å"Prof. Munro John†, ECONOMICS 303Y1, The Economic History of Modern Europe to1914, [electronic bulletin board] September 2001, [cited 27 February 2007] available at eh.net/coursesyllabi/syllabi/munro/01dutcom.pdf â€Å"Engerman Stanley L†, The big picture: how (and when and why) the West grew rich, Policy Research, Vol. 23, 1994, 547-559, [electronic bulletin board] 1994, [cited 28 February 2007] available at www.compilerpress.atfreeweb.com/Anno%20Engerman%20The%20big%20picture%20Research%20Policy%201994.htm â€Å"Koc Mustafa†, Globalization as a Discourse, [electronic bulletin board] [cited 2 March 2007] available at www.mrs.umn.edu//chollett/anth%203204/Course%20Readings/Globalization%20as%20a%20Discourse.rtf Acemoglu Daron, Johnson Simon and Robinson James, The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change and Economic Growth, [electronic bulletin board] p.6, September 10, 2003,[cited 3 March 2007] available at http://web.mit.edu/sjohnson/OldFiles/www/attach/Rise20%20of%20Europe%20final%20revision.pdf Harvard University, 1999 WP Abstracts, [electronic bulletin board] December 9, 1999 [cited 3 March 2007] available at www.fas.harvard.edu/~atlantic/abst99.html Gillis R. John, Islands in the Making of an Atlantic Oceania, 1400-1800, [electronic bulletin board] 2003 [cited 4 March 2007] available at www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/seascapes/gillis.html [1] Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson and James Robinson, Abstract, p.2, The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change, and Economic Growth [2] John Munro, The Dutch and the Macro-Economic Trends of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, p.2, The Economic History of Modern Europe to1914 [3] Kevin H. O’Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, 2003, Introduction, From Malthus to Ohlin: Trade, Growth and Distribution since 1500, p.2-3 [4] N.F.R. Crafts, The Industrial Revolution in R Floud and D. McCloskey, The Economic History of Britain Since 1700, Vol.1, Cambridge University Press J Mokyr, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress, Oxford University Press Temin, Two Views of the British Industrial Revolution, Journal of Economic History, 57 (March) 63-82 [5] Kevin H. O’Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, 2003, Introduction, From Malthus to Ohlin: Trade, Growth and Distribution since 1500, p.3 [6] K. H.O’ Rourke and J. G. Williamson, After Columbus: Explaining the Global Trade Boom 1500-1800, Journal of Economic History 62 (March), 1-31 [7] Kevin H. O’Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, 2003, Introduction, From Malthus to Ohlin: Trade, Growth and Distribution since 1500, p.2-3 [8] Douglass C. North and Robert P. Thomas, The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History, Cambridge University Press Douglass C. North and Barry R. Weingast, Constitutions and Commitments: Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth Century England, Journal of Economic History, 49, 803-832 [9] Kevin H. O’Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, 2003, Introduction, From Malthus to Ohlin: Trade, Growth and Distribution since 1500 [10] Mustafa Koc, Phases of Global Expansion, p.266, 13 Globalization as a Discourse [11] Atlantic trade opportunities became available only during the late 15th century, thanks to the discovery of the New World and the passage to Asia around the Cape of Good Hope. This resulted due to a series of innovations in ship technology, pioneered by the Portuguese that changed rigging and hull design of ships and developed the knowledge of oceanic navigation. [12] Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson and James Robinson, The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change and Economic Growth, p.6, 2003 [13] La Population des villes europ ´eenees de 800 `a 1850: Banque de donn ´ees et analyse sommaire des r ´esultats, Centre d’histoire  ´economique Internationale de l’Uni. de Gen`eve, Libraire Droz, Geneva [14] McEvedy, Colin and Richard Jones (1978) Atlas of World Population History, Facts on File, New York [15] Maddison, Angus (2001) The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, Development Centre of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD, Paris [16] Atlantic Trade and the Rise of Europe, Data, p.7 [17] Ch.1.2, Economic Growth in Europe, p.10, Atlantic Trade and the Rise of Europe [18] Ch.1.5 Interpretation, p.15, Atlantic Trade and the Rise of Europe [19] The establishment of political institutions limiting the power of the monarchy must have created positive spillovers on the rest of the economy of the rest of the non-Atlantic British cities, especially on the industrial capitalists, Ch.2.1, The Argument, p.17, [20] Folasade Ifamose, The Indigenous Aristocracy, the Atlantic trade, and the Gunpowder Economy, University of Abuja, Nigeria, www.fas.harvard.edu-1999 WP Abstract [21] Michiel de Jong, The Role of the State in the Expansion of the Dutch Overseas Trade Networks, 1590-1630, Universite it Leiden, The Netherlands, www.fas.harvard.edu-1999 WP Abstract [22] Quoted in Anthony Pagden, Peoples and Empires: Europeans and the Rest of the World from Antiquity to the Present (London: Weidenfeld and Nicoloson, 2001), p. 94. [23] C.R. Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600-1800 (London: Penguin, 1973) [24] Elizabeth Mancke, Early Modern Expansion and the Politicization of Oceanic Space,†Ã‚   The Geographical Review, 89, nr. 2 (April 1999), p. 227

Development Of The Electricity Generation Engineering Essay

Development Of The Electricity Generation Engineering Essay CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction: Development of the electricity generation grew rapidly from age to age. Electricity generation is a process that generate electric energy from other form of energy, most of the major company that give an electric supply in Malaysia using Non-Renewable source to generate the electricity such as diesel and coal. Diesel and coal will be used to operate the engine in order to rotate the turbine to generating the electricity. Power creation is the biggest and fastest-growing resource of international power demand bigger than the amount of primary power used in the transport and residential/. Demand for electricity keeps rising in all areas around the globe. Inhabitants and financial development are two significant factors, just as they are for the estimated need development in other powers. But with electricity there is an additional aspect at work: the change to electricity from other types of power, such as oil or biomass for lighting style and warming in the home, or fossil fuel in the professional industry. Electricity can be generating using a generator. This generator will have two main components, rotor and stator. It was similar to the motor construction. The EMF produced by Faradays law of induction due to comparative movement of copper with a permanent magnetic field in the electric generator turbines. When a permanent magnetic is shifted comparative to a conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive power will exist. If the cable is linked through an electric product, current will flow and thus electric power is produced, transforming the technical power of movement to electric power 1.2 Problem Statement In recent of the years, the use of non-renewable resources to generate electricity is very high. Cost to generate an electricity will be high to buy the resources to do the generation of the electric power, the pollution will be occur when the generation process. There are several methods to do the generation of electric power using renewable resources, such as windmill, solar, hydro and etc. the problem for this method is the cost to build a dam for hydro is too high, suitable places for windmill and material for solar panel is expensive also. Nowadays there have invented several product of mini generator set and its already in the market. This product was in two men handling and portable, its using an engine to rotate the turbine to generate the electricity. But this product is only give the portability with a small size, this product has to use the fuel to run the engine in order to rotate the turbine to generate the electrical power. Its still not solving the main problem, the cost and the pollution problem. Aim The main aim of this project is to implement the regeneration of electric power using motor and generator. Objective 1. Learning Objectives Learn about AC and DC Current and conversion of type of the electrical energy. Learn how to generate an electrical energy. How the generator generate an electrical energy. Knowledge base on power generation, types of power and also have a skill to handle the machine that will generate the electricity. 2. System Objectives To design the inverter circuit for charging the battery To develop the battery charging circuit To generate the AC power to operate the load 3. Application Objectives Military : Give a power supply when they are out of the grid. Home appliances purpose : Give an backup power when the main power supply is have an problem Small Consumer : Give a power supply to the market vendor without using an ordinary generator set Research methodology: List down the general idea and sketch the main part of the general idea. Construct a block diagram based on the general idea to see how the system works. Choose the component and collect the technical data about the entire component that will be used in this project. Test the component and device to sure it works properly to get less error in testing full design of the project. Choosing and appropriate software that will be used to simulate the circuit that will be design in the project, do a test in bread board to see the error for troubleshooting purpose before fixed the circuit on PCB board. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Theoretical Background Electrical power that generated usually is an alternating current (AC). However, some kind of electrical generation and storage device produce direct current (DC). AC current is an electric charge that move periodically reverses direction, the movement usually in sine wave but in certain application a different waveform are use such as triangular waveform and square waveform. This AC current commonly used at the industry, commercial and small consumer than DC current. Electric power is saved consistently in electro-chemical ties within battery power that power plenty of convenient and lightweight devices. However, battery power dont range very well. They are minor when it comes to saving power for transport and theyre even more minor when it comes to lines power. If we can store electrical power from public utility generation features effectively. We could increase the performance of electrical programs. We could decrease our dependency on ineffective and damaging peak-shaving generating plants. We also could significantly decrease the occurrence of power shutdowns because source power would always be present when needed. Electricity is the statistical product of two amounts current and current. These two amounts can differ with regard to time or can be known as AC power or can be kept at continuous levels or can be known as DC power. Most appliances, air conditioning, pushes and commercial equipment use AC power whereas most computers and electronic equipment use DC power. AC power has the advantage of being easy to convert between currents and is able to be produced and utilized by brushless equipment. DC power remains the only viable option in electronic systems and can be more cost-effective to deliver over long ranges at very high currents. The capability to quickly convert the current of AC energy is important for two factors. First of all, energy can be passed on over long ranges with less reduction at greater currents. So in the energy systems where creation is far away from the fill, it is suitable to step-up the current of energy at the creation factor and then step-down the current near the fill. Secondly, it is often more cost-effective to set up generators that generate greater currents than would be used by most equipment, so the capability to quickly convert currents indicates this mismatch between currents can be quickly handled. Direct current (DC) is a unidirectional flow of the electric charge, this type of current is produces by sources such as batteries, solar cell etc. this type of current also can flow through the conductor as same as an AC current, and also can flow through semiconductor, insulator etc. DC current can be produce by rectifying an AC current trough the electronic circuit arrangement. 2.1.1 Generation of Electric Power Power Engineering deals with the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity as well as the design of a range of related devices. These include transformers, electric generators, electric motors and power electronics. The power grid is an electrical network that connects a variety of electric generators to the users of electric power. Users purchase electricity from the grid avoiding the costly exercise of having to generate their own. Power engineers may work on the design and maintenance of the power grid as well as the power systems that connect to it. Such systems are called on-grid power systems and may supply the grid with additional power, draw power from the grid or do both. Power engineers may also work on systems that do not connect to the grid. These systems are called off-grid power systems and may be used in preference to on-grid systems for a variety of reasons. For example, in remote locations it may be cheaper for a mine to generate its own power rather t han pay for connection to the grid and in most mobile applications connection to the grid is simply not practical. Today, most grids adopt three-phase electric power with alternating current. This choice can be partly attributed to the ease with which this type of power can be generated, transformed and used. Often, the power is split before it reaches residential customers whose low-power appliances rely upon single-phase electric power. However, many larger industries and organizations still prefer to receive the three-phase power directly because it can be used to drive highly efficient electric motors such as three-phase induction motors. Transformers play an important role in power transmission because they allow power to be converted to and from higher voltages. This is important because higher voltages suffer less power loss during transmission. This is because higher voltages allow for lower current to deliver the same amount of power, as power is the product of the two. Thus, as the voltage steps up, the current steps down. It is the current flowing through the components that result in both the losses and the subsequent heating. These losses, appearing in the form of heat, are equal to the current squared times the electrical resistance through which the current flows, so as the voltage goes up the losses are dramatically reduced. For these reasons, electrical substations exist throughout power grids to convert power to higher voltages before transmission and to lower voltages suitable for appliances after transmission.

Presented With The Complaints Of Depression Psychology Essay

Presented With The Complaints Of Depression Psychology Essay The purpose of this case study is to describe the case of a patient known as Ellen Farber. Ms. Farber, an insurance company executive, arrived at a psychiatric emergency room at a university hospital with numerous complaints in regard to her overall well-being. It is apparent that Ms. Farber has been affected by her symptoms to a large degree. This case study will discuss the complaints provided by Ms. Farber and will provide a detailed discussion of how her symptoms fit the criteria provided in the DSM-IV-TR for several disorders such as Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode; Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified; and Impulse-Control Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. This paper will also discuss differential diagnoses as well as co-occurring disorders that may be present. The final portion of this paper will discuss a possible treatment plan as well as an indication of the patients prognosis based on known information about her diagnosis. Ellen Farber is a 35 year old woman who presented with complaints of depression, the thought of driving her car off of a cliff, and numerous other symptoms. Upon closer evaluation of Ms. Farbers symptoms it appears that she is suffering from a Major Depressive Episode. The symptoms that she has exhibited that allow for this conclusion are a lack of energy for the past six months; a lack of pleasure for the past six months; increasingly persistent depressed mood for the past six months; oversleeping in amounts of 15-20 hours per day; overeating to the extent that she has gained 20 pounds over the past few months; and thoughts of suicide with a specific plan (Barlow Durand, 2012, p. 206). According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), the presence of a single manic depressive episode in the absence of another disorder, such as schizophrenia, indicates that Ms. Farber can be diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode. It is also clear that Ms. Farber has never experienced a prior Major Depressive Episode indicating even further that Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode is the proper diagnosis for her (DSM-IV-TR, 2000, p. 375). It is essential to point out that Ms. Farber is also a candidate for other diagnoses because she has engaged in binge eating and impulsive spending. Ms. Farber has reported that she has engaged in eating binges since she was an adolescent. During these binges she reports that she eats anything that she can find. Although she has engaged in intermittent binge eating since adolescence she has done so without using compensatory methods to rid her body of the excess calories. According to the DSM-IV-TR (2000), Ms. Farber should be diagnosed with Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (Binge-Eating Disorder) because she does not engage in the compensatory behaviors that are typically characteristic of Bulimia Nervosa (p. 595). Fin ally, Ms. Farber has engaged in shopping sprees that she refers to as buying binges. This excessive and impulsive spending has resulted in a large amount of debt, about $250,000, that has arisen from illegal practices such as unauthorized use of her employers credit cards and over drafting bank accounts to open new accounts, a process she calls check kiting. Since the money was used on impulsive purchases and cannot be accounted for by another disorder, such as substance dependence or a paraphilia, it appears likely that Ms. Farber is also a candidate for a diagnosis of Impulse-Control Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (DSM-IV-TR, 2000, p. 677). According to the DSM-IV-TR (2000), the following diagnoses are relevant for Ellen Farber: Axis I: Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (Binge-Eating Disorder) Impulse-Control Disorder Not Otherwise Specified Axis II: Borderline Personality Disorder Axis III: Moderately Overweight Axis IV: Unemployed, financial difficulties Axis V: GAF = 35 (current) On Axis II, Ellen received a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder for several reasons. First, she has reported that she has experienced lifelong feelings of emptiness, chronic feelings of loneliness, chronic feelings of sadness, and chronic feelings of isolation. In order to satisfy her feelings of emptiness she has engaged in weekly buying binges which established her current level of debt. Ellen has also engaged in daily episodes of binge eating without compensatory behaviors. She has also experienced chronic uncertainty with whom she wants to be friends and about what she wants to do in life. We also know that she has been in numerous brief and intense relationships with both men and women. In these relationships, Ellen exhibits a quick temper that has frequently led to arguments and physical fights. Based on a comparison of Ellens symptoms and the diagnostic criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder provided in the DSM-IV-TR it is clear that Ellen suffers from Borderli ne Personality Disorder (DSM-IV-TR, 2000, p. 710). Ellen has not presented with any other medical conditions other than the fact that she is moderately overweight. Since this is the only condition of concern it was listed on Axis III. Axis IV includes relevant information about psychosocial and environmental problems that may be affecting Ellen. Since Ellen is unemployed and is experiencing a large amount of debt as a result of her spending binges this information is listed under Axis IV (DSM-IV-TR, 2000, p. 33). On Axis V I have included a GAF score of 35. After evaluating the information provided in the DSM-IV-TR it seemed apparent that Ellen fell within the 40-31 range on the GAF scale. She fell into this range as a result of her suicidal thoughts with a specific plan and because she is currently unemployed but unable to work as a result of her depression. Within the scale it appeared that Ellens level of functioning was not severe enough to receive a GAF score of 31 but her func tioning was not well enough to receive a GAF score of 40. Based on this scale, it seems that Ellen fits in the middle of the 40-31 scale so I assigned a GAF score of 35 (DSM-IV-TR, 2000, p. 34). According to the DSM-IV-TR (2000), there are several common differential diagnoses present for Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode. These disorders include Bipolar I Disorder; Bipolar II Disorder; Mood Disorder Due To a General Medical Condition; Substance-Induced Mood Disorder; Dysthymic Disorder; and Schizoaffective Disorder (DSM-IV-TR, 2000, p. 373). In the process of diagnosing Ellen, I made a differential diagnosis between Dysthymic Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode. The primary way that this differential diagnosis was made was comparing the length of time that Ellen reported experiencing her symptoms and comparing them to the length provided in the DSM-IV-TR. For Dysthymic Disorder, a period of at least two years must be met for depressed mood (Barlow Durand, 2012, p. 209). Symptoms for Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode are only required to be present for a period longer than two weeks (Barlow Durand, 2012, p. 206). From the information that is known about Ellen, it only appears that Ellens symptoms have differed from her normal level of functioning for six months. Since Ellen did not meet the minimum two year requirement for depressed mood it seemed apparent that her symptoms only met the criteria for Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode. Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified also presented with a differential diagnosis, Bulimia Nervosa. This was easily distinguished because Ellen did not engage in compensatory behaviors in order to control her caloric intake, and a diagnosis of Bulimia Nervosa requires that a person engage in inappropriate compensatory methods to prevent weight gain (DSM-IV-TR, 2000, p. 589). It is not uncommon for other mental disorders to co-occur with Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode. These common mental disorders include Substance-Related Disorders, Panic Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Borderline Personality Disorder. Axis II presents the personality disorders that Ellen has presented with and Borderline Personality Disorder is listed. Ellen has presented with chronic feelings of loneliness, emptiness, sadness, and isolation. She has also experienced chronic uncertainty about what she wants to do in life and with whom she wants to be friends. She has engaged in numerous intense relationships with both men and women that have often resulted in arguments and physical fights as a result of Ellens quick temper. In order to cope with her chronic symptoms she has engaged in weekly buying binges and daily episodes of binge-eating. Based on this information, as stated previously, Ellen meets the criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder (DSM-IV-TR, 2000, p. 710). There are no conditions listed in the DSM-IV-TR that co-occur with Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (Binge-Eating Disorder) or Impulse-Control Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. The treatment of Ms. Farber is complicated by her thought of driving her car off a cliff. This indicates that she possesses suicidal desire, capability, and intent. As a result, she should be asked to agree to, or sign, a no-suicide contract. This contract is essentially a promise that she will not attempt suicide without contacting the mental health professional overseeing her case first. If she declines to agree to the terms, or if there is doubt about her sincerity, hospitalization may be required (Barlow Durand, 2012, p. 251). Considering that Ms. Farber has presented with several co-occurring conditions, treatment for her Major Depressive Disorder would be most effective if she undergoes combined treatment. The first aspect of her treatment should be a medication based treatment, particularly treatment with a selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). This medication functions by blocking the presynaptic reuptake of serotonin causing a temporary increase in the levels of se rotonin at the receptor site. All antidepressant therapies provide some form of benefit to about fifty percent of the patients who receive them (Barlow Durand, 2012, p. 236). In combination with the prescription for SSRIs, I would also recommend cognitive-behavioral therapy. A cognitive-behavioral approach, such as Lynn Rehms self-control therapy, could assist Ellen in gaining control over her moods and daily activities while incorporating cognitive therapy to assist her in identifying and correcting errors of thought, shifting her thought pattern from a depressive thinking pattern to a more realistic thinking pattern (Barlow Durand, 2012, p. 240). Ms. Farber should also undergo treatment for her diagnosis of Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (Binge-Eating Disorder). The most appropriate treatment for Ms. Farber would be a technique that involves therapist led treatment. It seems appropriate that she should undergo guided self-help therapy in which she would meet with a ther apist periodically to review a self-help manual. This approach would be the most effective for her because she presented with several diagnoses (Barlow Durand, 2012, p. 375). The prognosis for Ms. Farber appears to be relatively positive in regards to the alleviation of her Major Depressive Episode; however, there are some risks within the first two years following her diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode that may alter her prognosis level to fair. Approximately 67%, or two-thirds, of patients experiencing a Major Depressive Episode may experience complete remission of their symptoms. One-third, or 33% of individuals suffering from a Major Depressive Episode may only experience partial remission of their symptoms or may not experience any alleviation of their symptoms at all. At least 60% of individuals with Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode will experience a second episode and 5%-10% will subsequently develop a manic episode, meeting the criteria for Bipolar I Disorder (DSM-IV-TR, 2000, p. 372). In the first year following an episode there is a 20% risk of reoccurrence. In the second year the risk of reoccurrence increases as hi gh as 40% which would qualify Ms. Farber for a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent (Barlow Durand, 2012, p. 208). By undergoing combined treatment for her depression her chances for remission may increase slightly over receiving medicinal treatment alone (Barlow Durand, 2012, p. 243). At this point it is impossible to determine the exact course of Ms. Farbers symptoms. At best we can expect a more positive prognosis with treatment than without any treatment at all. Ellen Farber presented with several co-occurring conditions and psychosocial and environmental problems that have potentially affected the onset and severity of her symptoms. The purpose of this paper was to discuss Ms. Farbers symptoms, provide diagnoses based on the DSM-IV-TR, and discuss the appropriate means of treatment for her conditions. Ms. Farber has been affected immensely by her symptoms and requires appropriate treatment immediately in order to prevent her condition from worsening. In the end, her prognosis ranges between fair and relatively positive based on the available knowledge about her diagnosis. It appears that if Ms. Farber receives the appropriate treatment she is at a greater likelihood for remission of her symptoms and continuing treatment may reduce the risk of a reoccurrence of her symptoms. Only time can definitively show how Ms. Farber will be affected by the course of her co-occurring disorders.

Thunderwith Essay -- essays research papers

Thunderwith Essay Everyone goes through a grieving stage in their lives. Lose of a loved one like a mother or just personal problems can cause a person to be upset and grieving. In the novel Thunderwith by Libby Hathorn, the main character Lara gives an example of the stages of grieving. And how she learnt to overcome her mother's death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning of the novel, Lara is faced with the death of her beloved mother. She is sent to live with her father that she has not seen since she was a child. Lara is also going to live with her father's new family that she has never met. Larry her father has a new wife. 'Lara has the impression that the Man will care for and look after her, saving her from his wife and kids.'; When Lara eventually meets her new stepmother, her half-brother and half-sisters, she immediately knows that she is not wanted and that they hate her. So Lara thinks that the Man will look after her and save her from his family. This is further denial of the pain and loneliness she feels. Thunderwith the novel expresses a young girl grieving over her mother's death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soon afterwards Lara meets a dog. She decides to call it Thunderwith because she thinks that it is a gift sent down by her mother. Lara is so happy that she can have one moment of happiness. 'She had just met Thunderwith and somehow by caring about him meant she didn't care about being by herself. She 'was not really alone at all-Thunderwi...

Cleaning up Bodies of Water with the Rio Salado Project :: Environment Environmental Pollution Preservation

As I looked out the window of the restaurant, I could see the sun bouncing off the sparkling water below. Boats and other water craft scatter the water as well as people on water-skis and inner tubes. The picturesque view makes life seem so much better and just looking at the river makes a person calmer. The scene just described is the view from the window of a restaurant called Sophia in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and the corresponding river is the mighty Mississippi. Although Minnesota is the land of 10,000 lakes, this scene could be found right here in the valley of Phoenix. The way this is possible is through the Rio Salado Project. After the Roosevelt Dam dammed the Salt River in 1911, the bed that formed in its place has become a garbage-infested hole stretching through a large potion of the valley. In 1966 a group of architecture students at ASU first proposed the idea of the Rio Salado Project to a community-wide audience. It was approved by the legislature in 1980 and extensive planning has been underway since. The project will take 26 miles of the dry river bed, fill it in with purified wastewater, and make it into a 7,000-acre park over the next 2 decades (Rio Salado Development District 1). I believe that we should continue with construction on the Rio Salado Project because of all its benefits to the valley area. The plan I am proposing is comprehensive of many plans already proposed since Rio Salado was first an idea over 30 years ago. The difference is that my plan combines the positive features of many different plans to make a new one. This includes ensuring that Town Lake provides a safe environment for all activities, providing flood control, encouraging development along the river, promoting recreation, improving the regional quality of life, attaining the economic benefits of the area, while still maintaining the historical content of the area. Up until the early 1900’s, the Salt River flowed without any control or restraints. However, it was a burden for travelers on the trail leading from Prescott to Tucson. In 1911 the Roosevelt Dam was built upstream from Tempe and the flow was reduced until in the late 1930’s when the river ceased to flow altogether. Many people have often wondered what it would be like if the riverbed would once again be filled with water.

Abortion :: essays research papers

Glasgow, Scotland. It's cold outside. I'm thinking about a problem. One group of people trying to force their beliefs on others, based on religion. And it seems as though we're regressing. Above, a helicopter flies by. If it continues on its course, it will shortly be over Ireland, where as of this writing, the powers that be are deciding if a 14-year-old girl who was raped by the father of one of her friends should be allowed to leave for Britain to obtain an abortion. She's been ordered not to leave the country for nine months. Fourteen years old. Raped. The issue of an unborn fetus takes on more importance than the fact that the rapist walks free. Extreme, but this is a place where the church influences the government. And when I think of the movements concerning abortion in the United States, it definitely seems as though we're regressing. "My body's nobody's body but mine... You run your own body, let me run mine." At the University of San Diego a few years ago, pro-lifers gathered, while pro-choicers chanted the above. Sides clashed and tension ran high. A banner equating pro-choice ideology with Nazism and Hitler was displayed. "Baby Killers," a little red stop sign said -- a sign held by a well-dressed 3-year-old who sat atop the shoulders of his upper-middle class father. The kid looked confused and frightened. The ominous presence of armed police on horseback would be enough to upset anyone. And I wondered how this child got pulled into this? I wondered how any of us got pulled into this. The fact is that those people handing down decisions on the abortion issue are not the ones who will have to live or die by it. Ten years old. That's the age my child would have been. And I would not be here in Glasgow. I wouldn't be in this band or traveling. And I wouldn't have seen the liberal ways in which other countries we have visited deal with this issue. I wouldn't have been asked to write this piece. The fact that I've been through it on all levels is the only reason I accepted. Perhaps I'll have a child in the future, when I can provide properly. Who knows. But as individuals in this "free" country, we must have the right to choose when that time is right. A couple -- perhaps 15 or 16 years old, maybe 10 years older -- is faced with an unwanted pregnancy; it makes no difference if there is no means of support.

Federal Government of the United States and Real Estate Essay

She is the editor and publisher of the widely respected computer newsletter Release 1. 0. She served as a reporter for Forbes Magazine for four years and is a chairperson for the Electronic Frontier Foundation. She is on the board of the Sante Fe Institute and the Global Business network and the Institute for East/West Studies. Dyson’s view on cyberspace regulations is that government regulations are counter productive and virtually impossible. I agree with her in that cyberspace is a new frontier of learning that cannot single handedly be controlled by the U. S. government. Our society needs to implement our own powers of individual responsibility in this wonderful, enlightening, yet sometimes detrimental intellectual frontier. Dyson compares how cyberspace is virtually the same as real estate. She states that â€Å" you could think of cyberspace as a giant and unbounded world of virtual real estate†(420). The key words in her observation are the words that Americans have a deep love for in their genes and psyche: an unbounded world. That’s what cyberspace is. It is even bigger than that; it is an unbounded new frontier! And we can explore this unbounded new frontier from any comfort that suits us. Cyberspace is like any really great book one can go any where he or she wants to go, be whomever he or she wants to be, learn whatever he or she cares to learn about, and be fascinated beyond one’s limits of imagination, all from the comfort of an old, beloved, beat-up, Lazy Boy recliner! One can explore every interest, curiosity, desire to learn about unknown people, places, things, with the touch of his or her fingers. However, with all new frontiers there are dangers and drawbacks. Referencing Dyson’s analogy to cyberspace and real estate, some places, such as parks, are made for everyone’s enjoyment. Some real estate areas are made for home residences. Some for business enterprises that everyone can enjoy. And then there are some real estate areas that are not appropriate for children. Cyberspace is no different in this way than real estate , books, pictures, magazines, or people and the things they say and do. Some web-sites are set up for children and are wonderful educational tools to help them expand their minds, imaginations, hearts and souls. Some web-sites help educate people and improve their lives in ways that they could never afford the money or the travel time otherwise. Some web-sites allow us to learn ways that we can help others through donated dollars, kind words, material possessions, etc. Then there are places in cyberspace that represent the darker side of humanity just as in the places, books, people, deeds, in the terrestrial world. This dark side of humanity is what we all want to protect our children from. But how? The use of censorship in the United States of America is unconstitutional and the government censoring of cyberspace should never happen. Cyberspace is a place where a person has the freedom to choose where they want to go and what information they want to access. In America, it is unconstitutional to ban books because of offensive content. Our citizens will just choose not to read the book. However there are those who want to censor cyberspace because of some of the offensive sites. There have been many reform bills proposed by lawmakers in the U. S. Senate and House that have tried to protect children from cyberspace. Cyberspace is a new frontier for every being on our earth. Some countries will censor the cyber world just as they censor their own citizens and their choices. However, people in America do not tolerate censorship. They understand the concept of personal responsibility. Where a person chooses to go in cyberspace is his/her own destination. Ultimately in all aspects of life, we are free to choose our destinations; with the books we choose to read, the lessons we choose to grasp, and the cyber sites we choose to visit. Dyson states that â€Å"Cyberspace isn’t a frontier where wicked people can grab unsuspecting children, nor is it a giant television system that can beam offensive messages at unwilling viewers†(420). We must protect cyberspace from censorship just as fervently as we protect free speech. Cyberspace will ultimately rule itself just as any free enterprise system must do in order to be successful. Some sites offer free information that is available to anyone. If the information is interesting to an individual and is valid, then the site will probably be successful and attract many viewers. However, if a site is full of offensive material that is inappropriate to children, it is up to the server to restrict the viewers. There are moderators in the cyberspace world who monitor web-sites, as well as the information presented. Cyber communities exist just as actual communities do. There are communities of family and children oriented web-sites, of young singles oriented web-sites, and there are communities of porn oriented web-sites. The success of each site depends on how it conducts itself: self-rule. â€Å"In the near future, explorers in cyberspace will need to get better at defining and identifying their communities. They will need to put in place-and accept-their own local government, just as the owners of expensive real estate often prefer to have their own security guards rather than call in the police†(422). In conclusion, I agree with Dyson that cyberspace must be controlled, but not by government. Ultimately parents, cyberspace servers, sites, communities, and individuals must regulate this new universe of information. Just as with any successful business in our free enterprise system, supply and demand will dictate whether a cyber site will be a success. Individuals must have total freedom in cyberspace to choose where they want to go and with that freedom comes personal responsibility. Americans value freedom; it is the value that built our great country.

Coffee mate study case Essay

umber catch is do up of modify glucose and ve she-bopable avoirdupois weight and it is considered as non-dairy although it contains draw derivatives. Some of them argon liquid, others be reduced-fat and others be boodle free. at that place ar excessively seasonal produces that give keep you warm during the season, flavors scarcely on fall out(p)(predicate) from September through December.The blemish is composed by 33 variant yields each of them aimed at different consumers depending on their preferences, this is explained with what is called reaping Line Filling a yield mass be fal visitred with different characteristics, it archetypal creates a overlap (in the case of deep brown twin, its first overlap, the cocoa berry discontinue half The Original, was the starting point). Then, the caller-out chalk ups much features to that harvest, and that way it crumb be more differentiated from its rivals products. on that point are several reasons why a confederation power require to add more items to the present range of the line. It whitethorn want to maturatement pro rivals, exercise the extra capacity it has, come acrossing unsanded consumers and that way, to increase the bit of vitiateers Consumers are increasingly get concerned round what they are consume and what companies offer them. The trend over the erstdarn(prenominal) a couple of(prenominal) geezerhood is consuming products do up of born(p) ingredients. That is why java couple on has created Natural Bliss, which is made up with whole four simple ingredients milk, pickax, sugar and natural flavor. When a company increases the number of products in the brand, n primaevaltimes it can divulge itself in a situation of cannibalization (it happens if atomic number 53 part of a company grows by taking sales from another).Actual consumers can change from a variety to the overbold star so there is no derive taken from raw consumers. The compan y must focus on dominance consumers, strive to answer to the question, why some tribe do not buy our product? And create a unseas peerlessd flavor that can drag unused buyers. However when umber agree loose was introduced, the volume of cannibalization was minimal. The brand experienced a growth of 10% during the first 3 old epoch of the Lite version appearance. some other fundamental point to add guest value to the product is throughout the design, the pack, the get through of the product. At first, the pack succession of the product had only superstar mission, to hold and protect the product inside, nevertheless at present packaging has function an important tool in trade. java gent has different formats 170 g, 311 g, 450 g, 750g, or 1.4kg. All the flavors can be pitch in both powder or liquid. Negatives al just about dried milk (powder) are that it whitethorn be bought only for indispensability when consumers pull out out of milk and is considered to be inco nvenient to prepare. On the other side, cocoa berry berry clobberers withdraw a better image across non-users as they see it as al roughly a hold dear and require java penchant so a honourable deal better.SWOT ANALYSISIn score to instal a good nutrimentstuffing analysis of the company, we do performed an analysis of advantages and limitations, selected a bearinging system, performed constituentation and positioning, and analyzed the convenience of the proposed ad. +STRENGTHSConsumers aver that cocoa Mate gives better taste to coffee umber Mate is verbalize to relax and comfort consumers, it gives a good perception of the product. coffee tree Mate be broads to Nestle, which is known and prestigious brand -WEAKNESSESSometimes seen as an emergency optionIt contains added sugar in it in some of its versions, which is seen as a bad habit for those who care about health +OPPORTUNITIESLite version (has increase sales lately)-THREATSSales of creamers and dried mil k are straight proportional to coffee sales, so in these times the decrease on coffee consumption may result on lower sales. It is considered to be an artificial product, and this goes against the increasing concern for natural and healthy food and insobrietysTARGETING, SEGMENTATION and poseTo optimize foodstuffing budget is key to target the market departments that better fit umber Mates strengths. The company must decide which and how numerous segments it get outing target. Market targeting can be taken at different levels very in the main (mass merchandising), very narrowly (micro marketing) or somewhere in between (differentiated or pure marketing). We cast decided that Coffee Mate should be aimed at doubled segments and use concentrated marketing.Mass marketing market strategy in which a plastered decides to ignore market segment differences and go aft(prenominal) the whole market with one offer. In this case this strategy leave behind not fit with coffee meet fore several reasons 1. It is difficult to develop a product that provide satisfy all segments 2. Coffee Mate will have trouble competing with more product- cogitate firms micro marketing target marketing in which companies tailor their marketing programs to the requires and wants of narrowly defined segments. Given the recently purloind advertisement budget, choosing only one segment will result in less profitability. severe marketing (or niche marketing) market strategy in which a firm goes after a large share of few submarkets. By doing this Coffee Mate could earn a stronger market position that its substantial 55% market share. It can market more in effect(p)ly targeting each product toward those consumers segments that it can run best. Having decided that Coffee Mate products should be aimed at multiple segments we need now to evaluate the drawing card of each segment and their fit to Coffee Mates strengths. TGI Users Surveys covering coffee and creamers markets came up with five-spot capability groups of consumers for Coffee Mate 1. Experimentalists (15.4%) standardised to savour new thingsEnjoy pass money labored users of instant coffeeBelow-average users of creamers BUT average users of Coffee Mate. 15-44 old ageMiddle income hard users of mediaKeep up with the fashion, are stylish and will afflict anything new. Socialize often and holiday afield wish to treat themselvesNot authentically using Coffee Mate, as one would have expected.2. Cost constrained, erstwhile(a), conservative (23.6%) calculate when shopping, price aware, look for lowest prices rattling traditionalWorry about food waking users of instant coffeenever use creamAverage users of dried milk BUT not truly users of Coffee Mate 55+ yearsNot bailiwicking or retired piteous household incomeVery conservative, standardised habitudeSocialize rarely3. wealthy, modern foodies (24.4%)Light users of mediaHeavy users of coffee and ground coffeeAbove-average users of creamers and almost often buy Coffee Mate and Marvel Users of cream35-54 yearsAbove-average income and work full-timeHigh intake on groceries store.Enjoy cooking and toilsome out new foodLike socialisingHealth intended undersurface afford to treat themselves4. Cost constrained, unseasoned families (13.9%)Low incomesNot concerned about health or environmentHeavy users of instant coffee but do not use ground coffeeBelow-average users of creamers and never use cream15-34 yearsHeavy users of mediaLow expenditure on grocery storeRarely go out (cant afford to)5. Affluent (22.7%)Not price conscious, well offOld (55+)Not health consciousNot media awareThe people most promising to be buying Coffee-MateDo not want to try new things. afterward evaluating the different segments, we have cerebrate that the segment most likely to buy our product will be the EXPERIMENTALISTS and complete YOUNG FOODIES. EXPERIMENTALISTS fit into Coffee Mates strengths (specially for Original Coffee Mate) in vario us ways a) Social caste (lower)b) Household type (2-3 people with children)in any event this, they are heavy users of media and are likely to consume instant coffee and cream. birdfeeder YOUNG FOODIES fit into Coffee Mates average consumer for Coffee Mate Lite because of several reasons a) Age segmentb) Income levelc) Working timeThe ad clearly pictures affluent young foodies with their After Eights and tea with another couple of the akin group. It tries to compare both cream and CoffeeMate while stating that the latter is so practically better when Jane runs out of cream and the guests praise her for their second base cupful of coffe more than the first one.The ad makes two clear statements The first one, that the consumer invariably has a supporting plan for when milk/cream runs out, since CoffeeMate is easy to store and lasts commodious replete. After being served the second cup, the guests study their enthusiasm for it because of the taste. This implies that while be ing a backup plan for cream lovers, it similarly turns out to be a much better successor good for cream or even milk. Whether this ad is effective or not depends on the segment that we focus on.The biggest segment, the affluent young foodies -24.4% market share according to the study- can only grow with this ad. Even if theyve never act it before, the ad will make the product appealing to them by insisting on the capital flavor and the convenience of it, which is what most of this group looks for. Furthermore, it seems that the experimentalists are affluent young foodie wannabes. They are the same age group, they are really materialistic but they have a much smaller income than the former segment. This is why it looks like the ad could have this group as potential customers.They watch the ad, they want to act like those affluent people and they buy the product so they can range of a function that experimental condition at least(prenominal) in one aspect. They just follow suit in everything that has to do with the rich and hip. This is where we see the biggest increase in share due to their consumerism and pretentiousness.Lastly, we could squeeze another segment that this ad could reach the affluent. The affluent segment has withal got a big market share, although they are older than the two studied groups. CoffeeMate is trying to expose in this ad that it is reliable and that its always a good backup plan, and older people can be interested in the product since they have people home for meals, and they would not want to run out of anything and not make their guests fully happy.The only downside for this segment is that they take ont usually watch TV or listen to the radio, so the ad would have to be in the newspapers or find a way to top into their radar.Alternatively, if the focus on experimentalists is desired we would recommend, alternatively of making a conventional ad, promoting the product and the brand via Twitter or Facebook. These are such( prenominal) powerful tools for targeting this segment since they are young and they are really influenced by what they see in others that social media could really boost up sales. This could be through with(p) by creating a page of Coffee Mate and uploading cool things, making the brand interact with their potential customers. See get into 1.ANNEXFIGURE 1Coffee Mate is part of a suppuration number of businesses that use social mediamarketing in their efforts to gain exposurebut also to build relationships with their customers and get permission to market to them directlyas long as they do it in a soft, acceptable fashion.The promotion would need to be shaped so that they would focus on the core benefits that the Coffee-Mate offers. This has to be at least as good as the targeted competitor. They also have to be aware of how the competitor currently markets his product. By knowing how he operates they could either copy and improve the alive one or then entirely change and try a more radical approach. If the Coffee-Mate would want to succeed they would need to convince the consumer how he can benefit from our product better in personal line of credit to the competitor.As we have seen before, for example in the ad, Coffee-Mate has a range of benefits which are focused on different necessities of coffee drinkers such as being a great backup plan for when milk/cream runs out, since Coffee-Mate is easy to store and lasts long enough or having a myriad of different flavors which can in many an(prenominal) cause be a better make out for milk or cream, which are the adjacent competitors of Coffee-Mate.When having to advertise (twitter, TV ads, newspaper, etc) the product direction on the benefits and the competition targeted, the promotion of Coffee-Mate should hold (as the ad pictures perfectly) the disadvantages the other competitors have, such as running out of cream or milk more often or being a dull windy flavor and on the other hand state the great r ange of flavors Coffee-Mate offers coffee lovers which will certainly attract experimentalists as they look forward to try new experiences and insist that it is a great substitute when cream or milk run out, which for affluent young foodies as they are more likely to socialize and serve coffee to their guests, will be a much more suitable and well-fixed option.ExperimentalistsMarketing means persuading, getting people aware of our product by advertisements. A company banks on the idea that a celebrity will drive fans to try a product or service, simply because Celebrity X has it. To persuade our customers (experimentalists), we have chosen for our ad of Coffee Mate Blake Lively drinking a cup of coffee.We have chosen this celebrity to attract the experimentalists due to the fact that is a Hollywood personality known by most all the young people, we can kind her as a fashion icon, she started to get famous with Gossip Girl and nowadays people around 15 to 24 consider her as an pro totype, This ad goes directly directed to the experimentalist, as their name suggest, experimentalists are easy targeting as they would like to try out new products. They also have high media awareness and are spatial relation conscious and fashionable.Affluent, young foodiesLight users of mediaHeavy users of coffee and ground coffeeAbove-average users of creamers and most often buy Coffee Mate and Marvel Users of cream35-54 yearsAbove-average income and work full-timeHigh expenditure on groceries store.Enjoy cooking and trying out new foodLike socializingHealth conscious, can afford to treat themselvesRichard GereRichard Gere is a well-known actor, even though he is now in his early sixties he is an icon for many men as the prototype of an attractive, bad man which may enter in the ideal standard of living of anyone, taking into account his films and social apparitions.Many women also know him for the same reasons and may see him as the perfect man. As the target market here are affluent young foodies, whose characteristics are stated above, a middle-high standard of living, the possibility of affording to treat themselves and the age group make it perfect for him to champion position Coffee-Mate in this segment, as many of these people would like to copy his lifestyle. Noticing Richard Gere prefers Coffee-Mate might make this group want to drink coffee as he does.BibliographyCoffee Mate Offical website http//www.coffee-mate.comNon Dairy Creamers Info http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-dairy_creamerCoffee Mate twitter https//twitter.com/Coffee_matePrinciples of Marketing, Fifth European Edition