Regulatory Issues of VoIP :: essays research papers

Regulatory issues of VoIPThe Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has worked to create an environment promoting competition and innovation to benefit consumers. Historically, the FCC has non regulated the Internet or the services provided over it. On February 12, 2004, the FCC found that an entirely Internet-based VoIP service was an unregulated information service. Currently, the FCC is not regulating VoIP, however in that location argon still major concerns that need to be addressed. There are three main issues that are of the utmost importance to the telecommunications industry. The Tax Freedom act, E-911, and Calea are three most imperative issues concerning VoIP. The Internet Tax Freedom Act was authored by Rep. Christopher Cox and Sen. Ron Wyden, and signed into law on October 21, 1998 by President broadside Clinton. This law bars state and local governments from taxing Internet access service. In 2003 the House of Representatives approved measurement H.R. 49, the Inter net Tax Non-Discrimination Act of 2003. This bill would expand and make permanent a federally imposed moratorium on state and local taxation of sales of Internet access services. States and local governments would be permanently prohibited from charging sales taxes on the monthly service charge that households and businesses pay to be able to access the World Wide Web. VoIP rides a exquisitely line between being a tele call back service and an internet service. This is due to the fact that a call is initiated from a phone in an running(a) format, transmitted over the internet in a digital format and finally converted back to analog format typically across the analogous lines that traditional phones operate on. In addition many states rely on the taxes received from telephone service to run programs to low income areas. VoIP is seen as threat to these programs because taxes allow not be imposed on this service due to current legislative language. Many opponents of the non-taxatio n of VoIP feel that exemption from taxation is not needed to backbone investments in this type of telecommunication. They also feel it singles out one type of telecommunications service for favorable treatment, which will lead to other types of services inquire for similar treatment at the expense of the state and local tax base.E-911 short for Enhanced 911, is a location technology that will enable phones to crop 911 emergency calls and enable emergency services to locate the geographic position of the caller. When a person makes a 911 call using a traditional phone with ground wires, the call is routed to the nearest public safety answering point (PSAP) that then distributes the emergency call to the proper services.

Five Careers for a Graduate of Agricultural Studies :: essays research papers fc

Five Careers for a Graduate of Agricultural StudiesI. IntroductionAgriculture is a vast and expanding world for many people here in the mid-west. This is not a career to be taken lightly, since it has its ever-changing highs and lows which attract people and also discourage them too. Deciding what a graduate wants to do in agriculture is a difficult process, I know since I am in the process right now. Some of the following careers are ones that I am more familiar with since I have been around most of them. The following jobs Self-employed farmer, sales (equipment, chemical, and seed), district research manager, teacher, and farm manager are a few options of a new college graduate. Below are the descriptions of each.II. Five Careers for a Graduate of Agricultural StudiesIn the following paragraphs I will be discussing the quin jobs selected that a new graduate in agriculture may want to follow to upstart his career.A. Self-Employed FarmerA self-employed farmer is one that you see ou t in the field early in the morning and late at night. He does not work for a large community growing crops for them he grows them for him to sell. The farmers main goal is to raise the most productive crop he can, earning the best profit available, and working with the land to keep it sustainable condition. A variety of crops can be grown, and animals can be raised too. This is a job that one must truly love and be inclined to for if one is not then many things can go wrong and they will not succeed.B. Sales (Equipment, Chemical, Seed)A sales person is a person who has to have a lot of initiative to go out and introduce people to his product. I grouped sales all together beca mathematical function they all use the same principle and that is initiative. The sales person has many hours on the road traveling all over his district talking to people and just guardianship up his public relations with the farmer, so when it comes time to sell his product he might have a edge up. This person is also real knowledgeable of everything he sells, since the buyer always has a question and they come to him when they want it answered. Also public speaking is a big part in this field, since meetings are required to introduce new products each year.

Strong Chinese Women in Film Essay -- Character Analysis

1.IntroductionIn Confucian thought, women had their purpose beside their men or within their households as mothers. However, the legend of Hua Mulan precedes Confucius. Mulans story had shake early Chinese Feminists such as Qiu Ji to go against the society built to keep her space as a woman separate from the last out of the world. In modern times, Fa Mulan (from Disney) added more diversity to the usual Disney Princesses and gave westerners an image of Chinese culture. The Disney film about Fa Mulan and the live action film about Hua Mulan by Jingle Ma ultimately chronicle the journey of Mulan and her service in the military but the films will have significant differences because of the different perspectives telling the stories. The changes of the feminine roles in China in the 21st century have their starting point with the story of Mulan because of her positive role in female identity later on on. How Mulan changed the stigma about women over time may not have helped. Although Mulan is a legend, legends tend to shape some fields of thought in society. Changes in female structures in China took many centuries but I believe Mulans presence had an irreplaceable impact on the women in Chinese society.I define Confucianism in the female role as follows A womans duties pertain to her preserve, the parents of her husband and the children birthed between she and her husband. A womans duties to her husband include but are not expressage to, keeping him happy and full with good meals. Her duties to her husbands family includes, but are not limited to, keeping his parents happy and adjusting to the rules of her governing mother-in-law and providing grandparents with grandchildren. A womans duties to birth children include, but are not... ... to the Imperial City to warm her old friends of the imminent ardor on the emperor, everyone ignored her. Hua Mulan did not face this same problem in the live action movie. When her comrades discovered her, they decided to ke ep their discovery to themselves preferably of sending Mulan to her death. The only reason Fa Mulan remained alive in the movie was her heroic actions before her superior discovered her. Works Cited5.ConfucianismSince the core of Confucianism is the belief6.ConclusionReferences1.http//ww.chinapage.com/mulan.html2.Ode To Mulan http//www.yellowbridge.com/onlinelit/mulan.php3.Mulan in Legends http//www.ourorient.com/mulan-in-legends.htm4.DVD Disneys Mulan5.DVD Jingle Mas Mulan6.Lan, Fen. The Female Individual and the Empire. Duke University. http//www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/4125407.pdf.

Essay --

The movie is set in early 15th century in England. The Bishop of Ely and the Archbishop of Canterbury scheme to distract young King total heat V from fleeting a law that might seize asset from the church. They accede to instigate him to invading France. In the throne room, Canterbury tells the Kings advisers that Henry should be the successor to the kingship of France in ossification with Salic law. With support of the aristocrats Exeter and Westmoreland, the clergymen try to persuade Henry to begin war on France if his claim on the French crown is defied. Then, Henry calls in Mountjoy, who represents the Dauphin. The Dauphins response was the bringing of a chest of tennis balls. Opening the chest, Exeter is surprised, but Henry is not disturbed by the contempt. But he resolves to invade France and begins to program his campaign.First, Henry deceives common chord traitors into reading their own sentence by asking advice to punish a guy who defamed him in the public. When they pr oposed that he should take a shit no mercy to a betrayer, Henry reveals his acknowledgment of their deception. Exeter indicts them of lese majesty and executes them before crossing the English Channel.Meantime in France, Charles VI, the King of France and his entourages discuss the threat of King Henry. The Dauphin is unaffected by the threat, but Charles and the constable of France hold anxiety, since Henrys martial ancestors and previous English invasions. With full armor, Exeter arrives and tells them that Henry wants the French crown and tries to forcibly seize it if it is withheld, and gives the Dauphin a contemptuous message. King tells him to wait for a response until the following day.King Henry speeches to his troops to boost their morale and surges Harfleur. W... ... devastated troops defeated the enormous French army. Each soldiers look is depicted as his struggle in the battle, and he defeats the adversary, and soon the entire troops break through plight situation. T hus, life of a single soldier is deeply associated with the life of the entire soldiers. It implies that in battlefield, every single person shares the same pain and shares the same state of mind. I like this movie because of this logical implication as well as Henry Vs heroic strength and charisma.Every characters show sophisticated performances, which were more passionate and more vivid than the reality. The time setting is in early 15th century in England, so the characters attire and the set designs were just like those of the medieval era and seemed to have no irrelevance. The attire was quite similar to the attire of aristocrats and soldiers at that time.

The Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Supernatural in Macbeth E rattlingone has a slightly different comment of the supernatural but the interpretation which we can start with is Shakespeares. Everyone of Shakespeares term found the supernatural fascinating. Shakespeare interpreted the supernatural as witches, magic, unnatural and evil and he expressed his beliefs in the play, Macbeth very clearly, as he portrayed the triple deformed women with control over the weather and the ability to predict the future. These three evil witches with magical powers were the creation of Shakespeares interpretation of the supernatural. Shakespeares contemporaries believed in the supernatural very strongly and a majority of them were frightened of it, including the king of that time, King James I of England. Since it was an evoke issue which many people of Shakespeares time felt they were affected by, Shakespeare wrote about it. Macbeth with its supernatural theme was the 17th centurys equivalent to the sophisticated day horro r movie. The play begins with a supernatural scene, where the three witches meet and give many clues as to who they are or what they have control over, we three meet again in thunder, lighting or in rain?.When the battles lost and won.That will be ere the set of sunlight.There to meet with Macbeth. This scene sets the atmosphere for the rest of the play. If this scene was not there it would be difficult for the audience to understand how later scenes are linked or how these three women can tell Macbeths future. Also if elements of the supernatural were not used in Act 1 Scene 1, as they have been, the witches could not be shown as sinister and evil. These two elements of horror, sinister and evil would later be used to explain the cause of the three witches behaviour further on in the play. As the play continues the supernatural is used more. Act 1 Scene 3 is Macbeths first meeting with the witches, and is also the first time the audience sees or experiences the witches superna tural abilities. All hail to thee, Thane of Cowdor, All hail, Macbeth That shalt be king hereafter. The witches predict Macbeths future and tell him that he shall reverse the Thane of Cowdor and then king. The rest of the play is based on this supernatural happening. After learning that Macbeth is to become King of Scotland the play follows Macbeths plot to get resign off King Duncan and then Macbeths life after the murder.

The Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Supernatural in Macbeth Everyone has a slightly different interpretation of the supernatural but the interpretation which we after part set-back with is Shakespeares. Everyone of Shakespeares time found the supernatural fascinating. Shakespeare interpreted the supernatural as witches, magic, unnatural and evil and he expressed his beliefs in the play, Macbeth very clearly, as he portrayed the three deformed women with control over the weather and the ability to predict the future. These three evil witches with magical powers were the creation of Shakespeares interpretation of the supernatural. Shakespeares contemporaries believed in the supernatural very strongly and a majority of them were frightened of it, including the king of that time, fag James I of England. Since it was an inte liberalizationing issue which umteen people of Shakespeares time felt they were affected by, Shakespeare wrote about it. Macbeth with its supernatural theme was the 17th centurys equivalent to the modern day aversion movie. The play begins with a supernatural position, where the three witches meet and give many clues as to who they are or what they have control over, we three meet again in thunder, lighting or in rain?.When the battles lost and won.That will be ere the set of sun.There to meet with Macbeth. This scene sets the atmosphere for the rest of the play. If this scene was not there it would be difficult for the audience to understand how later scenes are linked or how these three women can tell Macbeths future. Also if elements of the supernatural were not used in Act 1 Scene 1, as they have been, the witches could not be shown as sinister and evil. These two elements of horror, sinister and evil would later be used to explain the cause of the three witches behaviour further on in the play. As the play continues the supernatural is used more. Act 1 Scene 3 is Macbeths first meeting with the witches, and is also the first time the audience sees or experien ces the witches supernatural abilities. All hail to thee, Thane of Cowdor, All hail, Macbeth That shalt be king hereafter. The witches predict Macbeths future and tell him that he shall become the Thane of Cowdor and then king. The rest of the play is based on this supernatural happening. After learning that Macbeth is to become King of Scotland the play follows Macbeths plot to get rid off King Duncan and then Macbeths life after the murder.

Augustine Vs. Aquinas Essay

Saint Augustine of Hippo, as he is most commonly referred, of the early fifth century and Saint Thomas Aquinas, of the thirteenth century, are considerably well- turn inn(a) for their philosophical and theological discoveries. Even though both are famous for venturing to integrate Christianity with their philosophical thoughts, they took completely several(predicate) paths in doing so. Aquinas took an Aristotelian path, organism a strong follower of Aristotle while Augustine, took a Platonic path, considering Plotinus as his mentor. Both delved deeply into the concept of ethics dichotomy, the merciful nature, and the humans efficacy to know, and to do, the good. Christianity does hold true to the fact life after death exists. (Bray, 2003). Augustines view on the nature of the human beings states that separately single(a) is trapped by sin in immorality and untruth (Clark & Poortenga, 2003, Pg. 39). A human being cannot access that after-life unless they devote themselves fully to graven image. It is only through the process of illumination and godly assistance that an individual can be truly fulfilled as a human being. Basically, only through the love of perfection can iodine reach to the ultimate truth about themselves and learn to see and do the good. Divine assistance is necessary to rid us of vice, turn our hearts towards God and enable us to acquire virtue (Clark & Poortenga, 2003, Pg. 42). He believed that the mans corrupted desires to knowledge stemmed from the Garden of Eden, where mans thirst to be like God led to feeling pride and then led to the fall of that individual. When an individual stirs their attention away from the realm of God is when they get plundered by temptations such as pride, power, wealth, fame, and even human love. He believed that an individual remains disordered if he places his temptations above the love of the God. wherever the human soul turns itself, other than to you, it is fixed in sorrows, even if it is fixed up on beautiful things external to you(Vaught, 2005). As a result of these disorderly desires, or greed as he called it, Augustine came to reject a mans desire for common knowledge concluding that such desire drives an individual away from God. This was a complete opposite the Aristotelian belief that all men by nature desire to know (Aristotle, 1966). He believed that these temptations blind an individuals capability to know and to do the good. In simple terms, that which was spiritual was good and that which was of the flesh was evil (Campolo, 2007). As an alternative, Augustine emphasized on divine illumination, conversion and faith, which were the true intend of happiness and salvation. (Clark & Poortenga, 2003, Pg. 40). It is important fathom that Augustine was against specifically to the type of knowledge that enticed the lusts of the eyes. In compliance with the views of Plotinus, Augustine maintained that it is through God that an individual inherits true knowledge. It is im perative for the human being to become reasonable and use that knowledge in limits. It is the only method that can help them disregard the temptations and strengthen their mind for divine illumination. In his book, Confessions, Augustine states that If we love God first, we will love the right things in the right way, our loves will be properly ordered, and we will find fulfillment (Clark & Poortenga, 2003, Pg. 41).Aquinas on the other hand, believed that human goodness depends on the actions performed by an individual that are in agreement with our human nature, which also defines the morality of an individual. He further explains that an individual consists of a specific cognitive power, which is the intellect that enables us to fully comprehend the goodness of a thing. Human actions are always in pursuit of human fulfillment, which Aquinas believes, is happiness, even though those actions may not always be right. We desire what fulfills us as human beings although we might be wro ng about what fulfills us. The right understanding of and orientation towards human fulfillment is the foundation of morality (Crook & Poortenga, 2003, Pg. 45). Similar to Augustines temptations, Aquinas refers to external goods such as wealth, honor, fame, glory, and power and states that these are easily secured by evil individuals. These cannot be the highest good because fulfillment is incompatible with evil and wicked people can secure every of these goods (Clark & Poortenga, 2003, Pg. 45). Internal goods such as relationships, morals, and knowledge have the capability of providingfulfillment since such goods are infinite. Hence, Only God can completely satisfy such desires. Moreover, it is only God alone that is sufficient for human fulfillment.Like Augustine, Aquinas believed that without a divine assistance, an individual is morally incapable to reach God since each person is in bondance to sin. Without divine assistance, no one can achieve happiness nor can get a vision of God. So we must know God in order to be happy but we, by our infixed powers cannot know God. The hope for attainment of fulfillment lies not in our natural capacities but must lie in supernatural grace to heal us and direct us toward God (Clark & Poortenga, 2003, Pg. 46).It is really hard to determine which philosopher I would agree with the most. Even though both took different routes in explaining their philosophies, their ultimate goal was to explain human fulfillment, which they further explained can only be accomplish by means of God. Even though each individual desires for knowledge, both philosophers, in one way and the other, theorized that God is superior to any concept that we human beings could understand or apply (Clark & Poortenga, 2003, Pg. 39). God is the main origin of all happiness, intelligence and knowledge that exists in a human being. I would agree much with Aquinass view that a mans natural desire for knowledge is the main supply to fully understand God and his capabilities. all in all in all, both medieval philosophers cultivated their beliefs significantly influenced by Christianity even though they both satisfied their ideals by approaching them in completely different ways. Aquinas followed the footsteps of Aristotle whereas Augustines views relied upon the influences set forth by Platonius. Sovereignty of the ancient philosophers can clearly been seen in the works of both Augustine and Aquinas, whether it was human nature or the ability of the human knowledge to know and to do the good. Despite multiple differences in theory and the paths taken to explain their theories, it must be taken into context that God was the ultimate concept the two philosophers were in agreement with.ReferencesAristotle. 1966. Aristotles Metaphysics. Grinnell, Iowa The Peripatetic Press. Bray, G. (2003). AUGUSTINES KEY. Christian History, 22(4), 42. Clark, K. J., & Poortenga, A. (2003). The story of ethics Fulfilling our human nature. Upper bear down River, NJ Prentice Hall. Campolo, T. (2007). How Jewish was Jesus? Tikkun, 22(6), 26-28. Vaught, C. G. (2005). Access to God in Augustines Confessions Books X-XIII. Albany, N.Y. State University of New York Press.

Truman Show Character Development

In the film, Truman Show by Peter Weir, the director used a variety of visual and verbal techniques to educate the character Truman Burbank. Wier used the movement of actors, dialogue, props and symbolism to show how Truman progressed from being a typical all-American computed axial tomography to a courageous man whos willing to heart his fears to break desolate from the chains that binds him to his creator. Truman Burbank is a star of his own show- The Truman Show- and everybody knows except him. He lives in the topper place in the world, Seahaven, where the people are everlastingly friendly and well-dressed.The houses they live in are painted to unadulteratedion with well-tended gardens. Here, Truman lives a seemingly perfect purport with his beautiful wife, Meryl, and reliable friend, Marlon. As events unfold, Weir shows the audience how Truman is rattling unsatisfied with his life- he feels trapped in his marriage and restricted with his job. He yearns for an adventure a nd dreams of finding Sylvia, his true love. Weir used dialogue and movement of actors to establish for the viewing audience what Truman is like in the beginning. The start of the film shows him acting out a role of a brave explorer in front of a mirror, locution Eat me dammitThats an order Because he doesnt have enough excitement in his life and Seahaven is not offering him the challenge he wants, he tries to make up for it by imagining a different life. Hes similarly constantly tells his best friend, Marlon that hes thinking of getting out and is going away for a while. But interestingly enough, even with a great desire of getting out, Truman never tries his hardest to leave Seahaven. Weir used Cristofs dialogue to show this If it was more than than just a vague ambition, if he Truman was absolutely determined to discover the truth, theres no way we could prevent him. In this stage of the story, Weir shows that Truman is far from being a courageous man. To make sure Truman c ant and wont leave, Cristof, the director of The Truman Show idiot box program, used props and dialogue. After Trumans father died in the sea, he developed fear of water. When he came close to finding out that hes father is really living his mother told him I know you feel bad about what happened Ive never blame you Truman. They used his guilt to dismiss his suspicion. They also tried to make him private road a ferry to remind him of his fear when he tries to find Sylvia.When he tried to ride a plane to Fiji to continue looking for her, posters all or so talks about the perils of flying to scare him were in the travel agency. A briskspaper about Seahaven being the best place int he world is also shown and a movie called Shome Me the Way to Go Home was played on the tv to urge him to rub. Weir used all of these to show the audience that Truman might be slowly changing as he realize that the world hes living in, is not the only one out there. He can leave and bullock the life he wants.Trumans character started to develop when he begins to find out that hes actually the star of his own show. Weir used movement of the actors to show how Truman progressed from being the go-with-the-flow-type of guy to a rebel. He acts inappropriately and doesnt think of the conseuences when he drives recklessly around the roundabout and reverses dangerously to get out of the traffic jam. Then, in a direful attempt to leave Seahaven, he tried to overcome his fear of water by closing his eyes while speeding over the bridge, drives through a fire and even tried to go into a supposedly contaminated forrest.Later, he sailed in the sea through the storm and screamed at the top of his lungs Is that the best you can do? Youre gonna have to kill me Weir shows how much Truman, who only talk the talk, has progressed to walking the walk. Hes finally doing something to get what he wants and hes giving his all. Trumans name has been used by Weir to symbolise how he is a true man amidst all the actors in Seahaven. Hes been likened to exaltation, the first man on the paradise. Adams life story had become a summary of his.Adam left the paradise, Eden, after eating the forbidden truth of knowledge the same way Truman left his paradise, Seahaven, after learning the truth of his life. However, unlike God, Cristof wanted Truman to stay in Seahaven because its the way the world should be. The ending of the film had left the minds of the audience in a state of confusion and mixed emotions. Cristof urges Truman to stay, telling him Truman, theres no more truth out there than in the world I created for you the same lies and deceit. But in my world you have nothing to fear. The audience are snap between supporting Truman in his long awaited new life or wishing him to stay in Seahaven were they can watch him and be actuate of his life. Trumans answer had also likened him to being the second Adam- to being Jesus Christ who sacrificed himself and is ressurected to a new li fe as Truman sacrificed his seemingly perfect world where his life is controlled for the sick place where he has freedom. Symbolism was used to show the audience how courageous and heroic Truman is. In conclusion, Weir used dialogue, movement of actors, props and symbolism to develop the character, truman Burbank.In all of the characters in the film, only Truman showed a change in character. He was always wishing to get out of Seahaven, yearning for an adventure and a new life. But he never did anything to do it he let his fears and uncertainty to get the best of him. He chose to continue living in his seemingly perfect world. But as he see how far from perfect his life and whole world is, he summoned all his courage and began to rebel. He broke free from the chains that Cristof tied him to and truly became a courageous and heroic man.

The Technology’s Influence in Todays World

Every single day a new type of technology is being introduced to the world. Technology has improved a lot over years, and it is a great thing these days, because it can be very helpful, especially for people with disabilities. However people atomic number 18 taking returns of it. I think life is impossible without cell phones and laptops This phrase sounds shocking but reality is reality. Some people cant live without neo technology like cell phones. Everybody knows what modern technology is.Modern technology is a technology created or invented to help us do works and mould our life easier. i think we should perfectly understand that modern technology can make our life more convenient and safes a great steal of our time. We become lazy because of modern technologies like cell phones, washing machine, televisions, and others. People used to wash their dirty clothes using hands, but now they besides have to put their dirty clothes into the washing machine and press some buttons. as we know.Modern technologies create financial problems, too. Because most of the modern technologies be too expensive to buy. People need to be active in order to be healthy. Walking to the store, riding a bike instead of a car, visiting a post office instead of sending an e-mail, all these things may or may not be more convenient, but they are a better alternative because it involves doing things physically. Being active means just a little more then the click of the mouse. Everyone loves the Internet.Suddenly everything just becomes so fast and easy. But easy does not necessarily mean better. Although being active enough is a major concern when it comes to modern technology, there are more things to worry about. Todays technology can be as simple as the push of a button. Because everything is so easy, humans brain is functioning as much as it should, and that is not a good thing. People need to develop their brain by reading, thinking in order to be smart, however its nearly i mpossible with the kind of technology we have these days.

Women’s Rights in Developing Countries

Not unk outrightn to us is the fact that in many countries, inconsistency between men and women still exists. In gender differences for example in earnings and occupations of American women , the ratio of female to male earnings among full date workers was roughly constant from the 1950s to the early 1980s and the segregation of occupations by sex is substantial and has declined only slightly across the last century (Goldin, 1994). This task is even worse in create countries where people suffer from app anying poverty.Evidence of gender inequality and exploitation of women exist in most societies, even some of the worst cases are found in the developing world. The murder of some five thousand cleaning woman annually in India by disgruntled husbands the enslavement of women working in Pakistans brick-making industry wife beatings in Zambia and the Andes and the sale of child brides are only a few of the many instances of womens subservient status in many Third World countries ( Sadelksi, 1997). Countries that do not sufficiently meet its necessary sustenance can even consent bigger rifts in the disparity between men and women.Studies show that in developing countries, severity of inequality to health, life expectancy at birth, quality of life, workload, education, well-grounded rights, and economic mobility are some of the areas where men and women differ (Witwer, 1997 World Conference on Women, 1995 & Huyer, 1997 as cited in Park, n. d. ). The burden of this inequality between men and women is heighten by the failure of some developing countries to recognize womens rights. In Asia, women work more than men but they get paid little.Fifty part (50%) of food production in Asia comes from the sector of women but they get little recognition for that (Shah, 2007). Faced by this issue, we can separate that although developing countries down relatively moved from an extreme patriarchic society to a more permissive structure allowing both sexes to freely e xercise their rights, women continue to be unwilling victims of discrimination. and so men and women are created uniquely, however in our society, the women are always taken as the inferior one, supporting the men.According to Platos The Republic (in Ebenstein & Ebenstein, 2000), there is no occupation concerned with the management of social affairs which belongs to woman or to man, as such. Natural gifts are to be found here and there in both creatures alike and all occupation is open to both, so far as their natures are concerned, though woman is for all purposes the weaker. But is this convention equal reason to strip women of their rights and abuse them? It seems illogical that because women are women, they would be taken as weaker and more inferior. It is only an issue of gender.Gender is a social structure that although useful has been dominated by a male bias and is particularly oppressive to women ( minorjohn, 2002). This is construction is nothing but a false ideology t hat do us believe that we are thinking are necessarily true, when in fact they are not. An international organization that facilitates international law and security, the United Nations naturalised a commission on the status of women in 1946 (Division, 2005). Since 1975 conferences have been made and provided avenue for women all around the globe to voice out their sentiments and situations.Consequently, several declarations have been created such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Office, n. d. ) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (United Nations, 2000). But the question still remains- are these be observed in most countries? In some places, claims are made that womens rights will be respected more, yet policies are sometimes not changed enough, thus still undermining the rights of women (Shah, 2007). Looking at the issue closely, there is the undeniable truth that yes, policies are existing to protect women from abuses. But what we fail to see is that the carrying out of these policies are sometimes met by resistance, nit so much because the people does not like to establish relative order in their society but because the labyrinthian nature of culture would not easily permit these changes to happen. Relative order because for all we know, developing countries society see themselves as ordered despite infringes on womens rights. For example, in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, early marriage of girls is common. The threat of HIV induces parents to marry their daughters in the mistaken belief that this will protect them from transmittal (Womens Rights, n. . ). In Pakistan, honor killings directed at women have been carried for even the slightest reasons (Shah, 2007). It surely is not easy to change tradition overnight. In many developing countries, the sad truth of continued unfair treatment to women exists. In some regions they are not allowed to inherit or own property, meaning that a woman w ithout a male protection has very few ways to support herself or her children. Moreover, stigma and ridicule prevents women from bringing cases to courts that may rectify injustices (UNAIDS, UNFPA, & UNIFEM, n. d. ).Moreover, women during their lifetime meets different discrimination that include foeticide and infanticide. In many developing countries where preference for sons exists, misuse of diagnostic tools can aid in determining gender of babies. Death from pregnancy complications and childbirth has also been accounted highest in developing countries (Shah, 2007). These clearly show us how culture can be against the rights of women. They are denied of their right to live even at conception when men are given more privilege. They suffer from lack of medical attention when they carry children and their partners go footloose.Aside from cultural issues, some early(a) facets of womens rights violated include education (Jejeebhoy, 1995 Malhotra & Mather, 1997), discrimination in t he workplace (Shah, 2007 Malhotra & Mather, 1997), reproductive rights (Jejeebhoy, 1995 Shah, 2007), and even how women are portrayed in the media (Shah, 2007). In almost every setting, regardless of region, culture or level of development, well-educated women have a greater say in their lives (Jejeebhoy, 1995). However in developing countries where education is beyond the reach of most women, how can we expect them to have better lives?According to UNICEF (2007) because women have to spent much of their time at home, they get paid less in their jobs. And even if women have the financial power, they do not necessarily have power over family decisions (Malhotra & Mather, 1997). Womens rights refers to the freedoms inherently possessed by women and girls of all ages, which may be institutionalized, ignored or suppressed by law, custom and behavior in a particular society (Hosken, 1981). These rights are meant to protect women from the subjugation that they are experiencing and also pr ovide opportunities to empower themselves.In developing countries where tradition is more prevalent than reason, it is not easy for women to safeguard themselves. For a society that has existed with a certain practice whether oppressive or not to women, change can only happen if the need arises. We cannot expect cultures to suddenly reorganize simply because they step up barbaric to us. No, this will be imperialism. Taking into consideration the history of most colonized countries, the suppression of cultural practices has become more of a disadvantage. This is not to say that women should be left on their own and wait for society to feel the need to uplift the status of women.According to Human Rights Watch (n. d. ) arguments that sustain and vindication these human rights abuses those of cultural norms, appropriate rights for women, or western imperialism barely disguise their true meaning that womens lives matter less than mens. Cultural relativism, which argues that there ar e no universal human rights and that rights are culture-specific and culturally determined, is still a formidable and corrosive challenge to womens rights to equality and dignity in all facets of their lives.What is needed now is a more realistic creation of rights that would not clash with the culture. There should always be harmony between policies and customs for after all, quoting from the book The Little Prince, Authority rests on reason. Womens rights, just like any other right need to be observed and defend everyone from all kinds of oppression. Societies have deceased past primitive to a more modern setting and hopefully this development would be instrumental to the empowerment of women and creation of a better society.

Hidden Dangers of ADHD Medication Essay

Medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder potty sweat a great deal of overdose for children that take hold ADHD. Their bodies will get addicted to the medicament when they buns non do without them. If a patient stop taking it, their bodies will shut down and start reacting in a strange way. These transcendental symptoms can cause behavioral analysis that can evaluate the effect in medication that has form in the children body. It all told starts from genetics, which cause ADHD, so it can be diagnose from the medication that can help the situation. This could be a good thing or a bad situation. The hearty risk factor of taking medication could start at birth or afterbirth. As an infant, toddler, teenager, even an adult they can be affected. As a parents, and when they are told ,what the diagnose of their infant is, it could be hard to except, at firsthand the parents are in sock and cannot believe this is happen in their family, and most of all to their baby boy or girl. All this happen as the year goes by, down through the years medication could cause m any behaviors, and disorder at bottom the childs body. As a parent, unitary should watch all symptoms a to make sure it will not occur during the time the medication is given. Just to see, if there is any hidden dangers pertaining to the medication (APA.org). As a toddler the parent should be seeing the effect of the medication. However, if the child is, acting out, eating, sleeping, and overly feeling differently (CDC, 2014).This could be a chore. Then we have the teenager, the parents should be able to observe some major behavior with attitude, which will cause hidden dangers to the brain, by the way the teenager is doing in school, different activity at home or not at home. He or she can be in trouble and the parents will not know. By now the children should be our main interests, which are under the umbrella of ADHD or attach. Their personality can change at the ages of 6-13. At th is time, there could be many transactions of behavior disorder with attitude that can occur. This can be from the medication spot-effect or how it react in the child body(CDC.gov).These behavior could cause confusion, like ofunderstanding, and not knowing who they are. The situation can get of hand, if the parents let it go too remote without checking it out. The problem needs to be dealt with as soon as possible. Especially, if there is an attitude changes that can be caused from the medication (CDC.gov). ADHD or ADD is implant in the family genetics, also. Which plays, an important factor, and cause the medication to react in brain injury, premature infant delivery and with birth weight, after the hidden danger of ADHD medication. These factors, can give the general public a reason not to use these medication that is effecting all ages of children that are related to ADHD or ADD and from the medication that is given to the children for ADHD or ADD (APA.org).The cause of ADHD or ADD is a risk factor, in an effect to find recrudesce ways to relate and reduce the medication that is taken so that it will give the children a chance to correct the disorder from the medication. As a parent, one should not add any problem. When they know, what the problem is, and know that it is related to genetics and from the medication. But, genetics does play an important role. What the parents does not k, now, there are hidden side effect and dangers in the medication. Such as, too much sugar, environment exposure (lead) and etc. There are many things, which are in the medication that does not agree with everyones body (CDC.gov). Therefore it was, said, earlier about sleeping, as adult should get enough sleep to function, a check-up regularly, an infant should get the come up of sleep that he or she needs to function, also. As, well, as an infant to an adult, see a wellness care provider for any health concern or problem. For an adult, he or she should get 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily in order to function. But, as as a adult we do not get enough rest.Lack of rest or sleep can be a risk factor for many chronic diseases condition, such as, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and depression. Can you believe it, that all of these diseases are cause by not getting enough sleep. We, also have eating disorder, which is serious also, and could cause problem later on during the person life time. It is common in females than males. It also starts during adolescence or early adulthood or during a childhood stage. All of these can come from ADHD or ADD(CDC.gov). Here is another way that hidden dangers of ADHD or ADA medication can do harm to a child and that is medication during pregnancy. It can do a lot of harm to the the baby before it is born.This will be prescription and over-the-counter medication, anddietary or herbal products. Talk to your ( a) doctor before all medication is taken. Just by doing that, the mother can do no harm to the baby. So say, 10% of medication approved by U.S. Foods, and Drugs Adminustration(FDA) since 1980 have enough information to stop or for the reason of rick for birth defects. Make sure, if the mother was taking any medication before she find out she is pregnant. She should not stop, keep taking them. Because, if she has high blood pressure, depression she might need to continue to stay health while or during pregnancy. There can be many hidden dangers of ADHD while taken medication during anytime of the life as an infant, child, toddle, teenagers, adult, and as a elder, there should be control while taking medication at all time.Referenceswww.nytimes.comwww.pbs.orgwww.washingtonpost.comwww.npr.orghttp//www.chadd.org/(http//www.firstsighs.org/concerns(http//www.cdc.gov/Other/discl

Student Attendance Monitoring

Wale in severial fulfillment of the Requirements in Computer Programming NC-IV ,has been examined and is commended for your approval and acceptance this howling(a) , 2014. DIRT Adviser The Oral Examination Committee Oral Examination Grade Ms. Germinal F. Malice Ms . Sheens Rose F. Beguiler Faculty element Ms. Made L. Soon civilise President Faculty Member Approved and Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Computer Programming NC IV Ms. Mandela. Soon I would like to dedicate this go out to our Lord God, who gave us strength and power to do our tasks every day.Secondly, I sincerely dedicate this project to our beloved School President Ms. Made L. Soon and to wholly tech staff who never get tired of us to teaches, accommodated and support us level(p) in awkward time. And lastly, to our supportive P atomic number 18nts, who always there to guide us and gave their moral support. Acknowledgement I wish to thank Ms. Made L. Soon our School President, for supporting a nd helping us in making this system. Without their support we would not have realized our dream to fulfill this ch totallyenge in our life of study.We passel only promise to pay back by availing our skills to this school of tech Computer Academy. I also want to thank our parents for supporting us to call for this project. And we also want to express our appreciation to our classmates and friends who helped us in one way or another during the course of developing this project. So, thank you to all wad who helped and support us. I also want to thank our Father God who give us the knowledge and wisdom to make this project, without his help and guidance we bed never to this project, so We thank him a lot for helping us.Abstract I system entitled tech Computerized pupil attention Monitoring System, helps our strength to manage the schedule of a savant in proper way. Our system was developed in Visual Basic 6. With Diversification using Microsoft Access Application. This system w ill make text information of school-age childs of this school. After developing this research project it will help and easy to monitor the attendance of all students. through the use of search engine the information you wants to know will appear.The Research project will be discuss and presented with sample programs, on how to create a simple school-age child attention Monitoring System using a Microsoft Access. Chapter l Introduction Background of the Study The attendance supervise system is a system that would check and record the attendance of a student in a class. Similar to the ID swiping car at the entrance of each college in the university, this machine will be placed in each classroom to precisely monitor the students and the professor in their respective classes this system is software-based because of its storage of inputs that could be viewed in any compatible browser.The system Background of the Study The attendance monitoring system is a system that would check an d record the attendance of a student in a class. Similar to the ID swiping machine at the entrance of each college in the university, this machine will be placed in each classroom to precisely monitor the dents and the professor in their respective classes. Statement of the Problem General Problem How does decompositions Student Attendance Monitoring System helps the staff to honour and secured the attendance of the student?Specific Problem 1 . What is the profile of your respondents in terms of the following a. Age b. Gender c. Course 2. What is the importance of tech Computerized Student Attendance Monitoring System? 3. What is the advantages of tech Computerized Student Attendance Monitoring System? 4. Why do we need to implement the tech Computerized Student Attendance Monitoring System helps the tech Computer Academy? Hypothesis Age, gender and course do not affect the variables involved in the Computerized Student Attendance Monitoring System. Objectives of the Study 3 Signi ficance of the Study A Student Attendance Monitoring System, will be used by the force to check easily the Attendance of the students of tech Computer Academy Inc. This proposed project will give information on how to monitor Students using this system. It will public assistance the user because it aims to help the faculty easier. It also helps the Admit monitoring more efficient. Scope and Delimitation This research project will focus on the result on Student Attendance Monitoring. The researchers came up with the approach of using database which contains a list of names, dates and time on when they arrived. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework A Student Attendance Monitoring System (SAM) is being developed to provide a reliable, secure, and efficient method of recording student attendance. The project involves two phases of IT development. The first part involves the development of SAM within SAP Student Lifestyle Management (Slam) and integration with Syllabus Plus and a scanning solution. It also includes the development of an online student absence notice form with document management and appropriate workflow for approval and updating of attendance record.SAP Business Warehouse will be used to produce reports of absence including incorporation of records easy in other systems (e-Portfolio and Blackboard) to enable comprehensive reporting of attendance. The second part of the project is the collection of in-class attendance data. Paradigm Input Process Output Benefits Users Faculty Admit. Computerized Student Attendance Monitoring System. Ready to access About Students Information. The user easily monitors the students. This system provides a security here in tech Computer Academy Inc.Data Visual Basic Database Microsoft Access Minimize the effort of the Blue Desk Focal. Device Monitor pussyfoot Keyboard System Unit These hardware devices are the most important lances for easy findings information about the system. 6 Definition of terms Students- a pers on intermeshed in study one who is devoted to learning a learner. Computer- is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and automatically manipulates data, and provides output in a useful format. Visual Basic- is a arrogating language developed in 1991 as a simple method of creating Graphic User Interfaces, or Guys.Visual basic was an early example of an object-oriented computer programing language. The programming environment is also an easy-to-use GUI system. Icons- are the small graphical image that represents files, folder or application. Microsoft Word- or simply as WORD is a rule book processing application that supplies you with all the important tools that you need in creating a wide variety of documents such as memos, outlines, newsletters, etc. Word provides you a windowpane called word window where you can create your documents. Attendance-is the act or fact of attending (being present at) work.Monitoring- is an intermittent (regular or irregular) series of o bservations in time, carried out to immortalise the extent of compliance with a formulated standard or degree of deviation from an expected norm. 7 Related literature Local Literature backer Marry University Students Attendance Monitoring System Booming Uneven Vicar A computerized system that will facilitate a faster and easier checking of students attendance during the implementation of departmental and/or institutional programs is now being utilized at the School of SIT.The system was developed BMW. Rogue B. Tabor, an IT instructor whose objectives in developing the system are the following to make the checking of attendance easier and faster, to keep accurate records of students attendance, to eradicate or at least minimize complaints of students on erroneous data on attendance, and to advocate IT students to develop computerize systems that will make processes easier. 8 Foreign Literature The University Senate has agreed a unified University policy on attendance monitoring fo r all home and international students.This is to ensure equity of treatment across the whole student population and enable attendance monitoring to e an effective tool for identifying any problems at an early stage and offering students appropriate support. Departments are therefore required to monitor attendance and review engagement with the programmer of study, for all home and international students. Two documents entitled SAM Policy & Guidance for Depth (with effect from 2012-13) and Policy Appendix Guidance for Depth relating to Checkpoints are available (see Downloads box on the right).Systems for Attendance Monitoring The University has developed central Student Attendance Monitoring (SAM) systems o assist departments in recording both student attendance throughout the year and student engagement at specific Check Points during the year. These systems include a Reporting Facility to assist in monitoring and reviewing student attendance/ engagement data. Further information a nd guidance on the various systems available can be found at http//www. Sheaf. C. UK/SD/Sam 9 Chapter Ill Methodology The tech Computerized Students Attendance Monitoring System aims to help the Faculty to easily monitor the studentships Computer Academy Inc. The respondents are the students of this institution. We make a questionnaire to gather information. Research Design In this research study I used the descriptive and quantitative type of research to be obtained information among the faculty and staffs of tech Computer Academy Inc.Malicious, Panamanian. Respondent My respondents are the faculty and student of Tech Computer Academy Inc. The selected respondent is composed of 186 members. Statistical Treatment For the statistical treatment, the researchers will use the frequency distribution and the percentage for the computation of the sample size. N=Sample Size n=number of the respondents E=margin of shift 11 Research Design 12

A Review of the Work and Play poem By Ted Hughes

This rime is ab extinct a comparison between a retreat and human beings that are on a day trip. The sw all in allow, is at decease in the poem and is feeling content. The humans, however, are supposed to be relaxing and having fun, just now they feel miserable instead. With this, there is irony here with the title, as the exhaust is working but having fun. The writer, I feel, is being slanted in his poem. He tends to be in favour of the swallow. The poem is describing the people as polluting the environment. The message of the poem is that we shouldnt place down our environment and our health by baking ourselves under the sun.The poem talks some the tourists arriving and then go forth unhappily. The writer is also describing the swallows day, what it does to entertain itself and returning to its shell at night. The poem is split into four, unequal stanzas. The origin three stanzas, operate off with a description of the swallow and then humans. The last stanza, however, st arts off with a description of the humans and then the swallow. This makes us stop, think and more eager to finish the poem, as its a change of pattern. The writer, perhaps wants to leave the referee with a positive and happy go steady rather than a negative and discomforting image.In the first three stanzas, the end of the two longest lines rhyme, forming a sort of riming couplet, e. g. dust and bust in the first stanza. In the first stanza, the writer, uses beginning rhyme in the first phrase, The swallow of summer, she toils all the summer the use of s words. This endues the line a sort of rhythm to it. The metaphor, A blue-dark knot of glittering voltage, gives us this impression of a bright, powerful and energetic image of the swallow. The word, glittering also gives us an image of the swallows smart feathers. A whiplash swimmer gives us a sense of the swallows speed, rapid. Then the poet writes, But which is apply at the beginning of each of the humans description i n the first three stanzas, a form of repetition. The poem gives us a happy, positive image, when describing the swallow, at the start of the first three stanzas. Then, he uses But when starting to get wind the humans, which start to give us a miserable and gloomy feel towards the humans. The writer, uses the metaphor Serpent to describe the long line of cars trying to get through traffic.This is a in force(p) metaphor to use because, if you are looking from a birds-eye view, the roof of the cars, looks like the scales of a serpent. There is also, how the cars move along the swerving roads, like how a snake moves. that crawls through the dust this metaphor, gives us an image of the slow moving cars. A serpent, is a venomous creature, a sign of evil, the devil, which is a sign, that the writer is being biased in his poem. The phrases shimmering exhaust and its fever in ocean are telling us that theyve already polluted the water before they, the humans, have even arrived there.In t he second stanza, the writer uses a metaphor, the barbed harpoon in the first line, to describe the swallow. This gives us an impression of the swallows impact and body shape, as she dives in. The writer uses alliteration in the second line, flings from the furnace and the word flings creates a sense of movement, it makes the reader read with expression. The metaphor, a rainbow of purples creates an attractive image for the reader. In the third line, he uses alliteration again, he pond and is perfect and this is creating a positive image. In the description of the humans, he uses repetition, But the serpent of cars to make you remember it, so it stays in your degree that negative feeling. Another metaphor used is, Disgorges its organs which is referring to the people, making their way out of the cars, like a snake, shedding its skin, this is giving us another tart image.The two similes used, Which roll like tomatoes and Nude as tomatoes gives us a negative image of these larg e, lazy, sunburnt people, lying on the beach. With sand in their creases gives us an uncomfortable feeling. The word cringe in the last line gives this embarrassed feeling, a negative feeling. The writer, is clearly using a lot of negative images to bring out his message. The onomatopoeic word screech is used to give us an image of the negative sounds on the beach, the peoples discomfort. In the third stanza, the writer uses a lot of alliteration in the first two lines. The use of the s words, swallow, summer is a bit onomatopoeic, producing a sense of the birds movement.He uses the word seamstress to describe the swallow, meaning a dressmaker. This metaphor is used to cross-file how she sews something using the sky and water as her material, which makes it now an extended metaphor. In the third line, it is describing its movement, the twists and swerves. The word draws append a long sound and the word knots provide an abrupt, short sound, perhaps showing the swallows movement, gl iding and then halting abruptly. The writer then uses But again and brings back the negative image. The humans are described as aid out like hurt the metaphor is showing their pain in sunburn, laid out in rows, endangering themselves, like a line of wounded soldiers. The metaphors, Flat as in ovens and Roasting and basting gives us the impression they are being cooked. Theyre being compared to cooking meat. The word basting is describing the humans putting on sun cream and theres a bit of irony between the way we cook meat. The word torment shows us their agony and the word blue gives us an impression of the heat, as hot as a blue flame and the suns harmful rays.The lack of language in the description of the humans makes the reader read with unity breath, leaving them in discomfort, to perhaps experience how the humans are actually feeling. The line Their heads are transistors is describing their heads as being heat damaged and theyre like robots, moving a limited amount. Their teeth grit on sand grains is sort of a repetition of the line with sand in their creases in the second stanza, to remind us of the humans agony. The hyperbole and metaphor, Man eating flies shows us their annoyance and pain with the insects.Their electric shock needles make conditions worse, more pain, the physical horror of it all and it gives us a diseased image, another negative image. In the last stanza, there is use of alliteration, They can climb in their cars The word climb is used to describe how the humans get into their cars, showing their tiredness. The repetition with, raw bodies, raw faces provides us with an image of these sunburnt people, the colour of raw meat, blood red and the repetition hammers this image into our heads. The line, And headache it homeward gives us an impression of these tired and hot people returning home.The metaphor and hyperbole a car full of squabbles and the line, And sobbing and stickiness shows us this negative image of how the children i n the car, are moaning and throwing tantrums. Then, the writer is using repetition again, With sand in their crannies a similar description is used in the preliminary two stanzas. It shows us that even though they are going home, they still feel uncomfortable. The line Inhaling petroleum brings us back to the message of the poem, with the humans polluting the planet. The writer describes it as pouring out from the foxgloves. Foxgloves are poisonous flowers.The writer here is perhaps comparing the exhaust to these flowers. The flowers produce a poison, venom, which a serpent produces also, one damages your health and the other damages the environment, they are both dangerous. The poem then moves on to describing how the swallow returns home. Alliteration is used again, The swallow of summer, cartwheeling through the crimson, to give the line a rhythm. The word cartwheeling gives us this image of the bird flying home with happiness, through crimson, this is describing the rattling(p renominal) sunset, the orange, yellow and red background. Touches the honey-slow river and turning the word honey gives us a sweet image. The river is a honey colour, due to the suns crimson rays reflecting onto the water. The writer wants to leave us with a pleasant image at the end of the poem. The swallow is described as hand stretched when returning to its home. The words are showing us that the swallow is welcomed back, it is also perhaps referring to Gods hands reaching out to this wonderful creature he has created. The humans, however, headache it homeward Nobody welcomed them home, their journey home, was destroying the environment.The last line of the poem, A boomerang of rejoicing shadow. leaves the reader in content but also thinking about the whole message of the poem. The metaphor used, boomerang is a good metaphor to use because a boomerang always returns when its thrown. The writer has used three different, but similar and powerful metaphors to describe the swallow . The three metaphors he has used, has provided us with a powerful image of the swallow. The swallow is rejoicing because, everyone has left, her day is everywhere and now she can relax with happiness.I think, this poem has real made me think, that a day out can really cause so a great deal danger to us and to our planet. The irony of the poem, makes you think that a swallow who works hard can still be so happy with its life and theres us, who slug about and is feeling unhappy, so why do we do it? The writer has used a lot of good descriptive metaphors and similes in his poem. I wish the metaphors he used when describing the humans on the beach, Are laid out like wounded, Flat as in ovens and Roasting and Basting.It really emphasises the whole idea of the humans endangering their lives for some pleasure but they still feel unhappy at the same time. Ted Hughes has really shown his point of view about the situation. He has done this by showing such negative images when describing the humans, making out that the humans have been put on this planet just to destroy it and the animals are living how God would like the humans to live. The way, how the poem is structured to how the writer wants the reader to feel, is a good effect. This brings some realism to the poem and it involves the reader more.

A Policy Analysis of the Medicare Prescription Drug Savings and Choice Act of 2005

This account looks at the Medicare Prescription dose Savings and Choice Act of 2005, also known as the Medicare D Drug plan.The paper will look at its historical underpinnings, an overview into how the policy started, view into the policy itself, as well as an analysis of itwhether the policy is really giving benefits to its intended beneficiaries. This paper however, contends that the Medicare D do drugs plan is not sufficiently conflict the compulsions of those who are its beneficiaries. Before the arguments as to whether the policy is stiff or not however, it may well be first necessary to look at and construe the policy.The Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit Plan and Choice Plan, otherwise known as Medicare D Drug plan was aimed to supplement or enhance the original Medicare program. The Medicare D drug plan was passed into what is known as the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act or MMA legislation. It was enacted by the shrub administration in 200 3. Benefits from the program started only recently, in January 2006. (Medicare spark off D, 2006)Medicare D drug benefit plan is a voluntary outpatient prescription drug benefit for people under the Medicare programbeneficiaries include the elderly (over 65 years of age) and diseased beneficiaries (end stage renal disease patients, for example) (Medicare (United States), 2006).Simply stated, the Medicare D Drug plan is a sheath of insurance to seniors and other disabled citizens who may not be able to anticipate or fee for the high cost of medicine. The Medicare program works with many private insurance and other companies to bring these seniors a variety of plans. (Lieberman, 2006)The original Medicare program previously had two parts part A and part B. Part A of the program covers hospital care for inpatients, skilled nursing services, health care for patients at home, as well as other health services. Part B, on the other hand covers a coarse range of frequently used health s ervices, examples of which are doctor visits and diagnostic testing. (Medicare Savings Program, 2005)Because of author problems with the previous Medicare program such that it was ineffective as cited, when President Bush came into office, Medicare was outdated and not meeting the needs of American seniors.Hence, legislation was passed into Congress and the President signed into law what was to modernize the Medicare programthis was by providing preventive care, offering of more choices to seniors and most of all giving seniors better access to prescription drugs that they need, the Medicare D Drug plan.(Strengthening Medicare A Framework to Modernize and Improve Medicare, 2005)Furthermore, with the revolutionizing of the Medicare D drug plan, President Bush has concentrated on preventative health careit was believed that if diseases were caught early, these diseases would be easier to cure. In addition to that objective, a need existed to revolutionize the original Medicare progra m and this was due to gaps in the original Medicare plan coverage (Choosing a Medigap polity to Supplement the Original Medicare Plan , 2006).Changes in the original Medicare policy involved a doer testing. This means that a higher income (and this includes Social Security benefits) would consequently mean a higher pay for Medicare beneficiaries. To exposit the point Medicare beneficiaries would see their premiums increase dramatically before they die, i.e. they retire at an age of 65, live until 95, that have an inflation of 3% without working out the numbers this already clearly shows that beneficiaries arent acquiring benefits.The next generation of Medicare beneficiaries is said to have to pay the full price of their Medicare benefit from the beginning of their retirement, in spite of of paying Medicare taxes their entire life. Hence, the 2003 legislation was enactedto eliminate the effect of inflation on income. (Medicare (United States), 2006)

Roles of Ngos to Development

EXAMINE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF nongovernmental organizations TO DEVELOPMENT nongovernmental organization is an acronym which stands for non-governmental organization. The UN defines an nongovernmental organization as a kind of private organization that is single-handed from government control and is non-profit, non-criminal and simply an opposition party. According to professor Peter Willets, from the university of London , argues the definition of NGO as an independent voluntary association of people acting together on a consecutive basis for some common purpose other than achieving government office, making money or banned activities.The most common classification of NGOs is by orientation and level of operation. Orientation refers to the type of activities it pledges on, these may let in human rights, environmental protection or development works. Level of operation refers to whether it is community based, citywide, national or international. The contributions to NGOs are Educat ion, this plays a major role in development since without it development cannot take place. Education can be formal or non-formal.They leave behind teaching and learning materials for some schools in the deprived areas in gold coast, improved access to education for adults and child rights in quality education. An example is GIGDEV an NGO based in the north which aims at helping adolescent girls by training them in batik tie and dye, hairdressing and sewing to prevent them from going to the south to seek nonexistent jobs. 150 lower-ranking high schools in 13 selected districts from the Brong Ahafo, Central region, Eastern region and Greater Accra region to take in from a project aimed at improving the quality of education in the country.Which is been implemented by formulate Ghana. Agriculture, this is done by providing equipment to the farmers in deprived areas to help them get better yields. Also they are taught saucily farming techniques that can improve the quality of yield s, advised on crops to cultivate. They help farmers advocate policies that promote marketplace access, control over productive resources by small scale farmers and sustainable agric in the face of mode change. Examples of such NGOs are SNV and SARI. Also in the economic sector NGOs help save poverty. Since 2009 Technoserve has supported 4209 women in the northern, Upper East and Upper west.They have been economically marginalized. 12 women groups were supported to bushel Shea processing centres. This means that these people are assisted to start small scale businesses to earn great(p) which will in turn improve their standard of life. This helps the people immensely because they now gain pileus to improve their standard of living. SNV is implementing four year project to assist smallholder farmers in three African countries, Ghana included to supply their national school feeding programme. it is been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation with a grant of 7. million do llars. Science and technology is also an area NGOs tackle by providing the right materials for attainment programmes which help upcoming students with keen interest in science to develop their potentials. Some of these NGO start out out with research findings which help in development of some sectors. Some of the NGOs SARI, UNESCO. In the area of health care, this is done by providing health centers, providing potable water. Providing the deprived with nutritious food to eat. Some NGOs like USAID provide cooking oil and rice to some of the deprived areas.They also help them with the guinea worm annihilation in the northern parts by giving them mouth filters which can be used to present water from some water bodies. Some examples are water Aid, Oxfam and WHO Some NGO provide simplicity items in cases of conflicts and natural disasters like floods which is prominent during the rainy season in Ghana. This relief items like bags of rice, sugar, corn, mattresses, clothing, buildin g materials are donated to the affected people in these areas. An example is ADRA. In addition, others play a role in the rights of people be it the mentally challenged or not.Basic needs Basic rights belief mental health is not a right or a privilege . They help people with mental illness and epilepsy. When they rule their health they learn new skills or go back to their work. Actionaid promote womens rights, the organization worked on womens participation in leadership and decision making, violence against women and girls. To conclude, the contributions of NGOs to development cannot be over emphasise since it deals with major aspects of development like education, agriculture, economic, healthcare, provision of relief items and human rights

Renaissance Theatre

The renascence Theatre By Macey Colburn, Br give the axean Simpson, Dayana Romero and Bryan D During the late fourteenth through the early seventeenth century an awaking of the humanities and learning boomed in the western world. This awaking or rebirth is cognise as the renascence. The Renaissance era was a glorious era. European politics metamorphosed dramatic tout ensembley there was a rise of kings and princes and merchants became key economic figures. As people started to accumulate more money they had leisure time to fill and would become e get onr to certify off their fortune by hiring artists to create extravagant works for them.During the Renaissance there was an apparent change in the art from medieval art. Medieval artists cogitate on religious subjects in their paintings and sculptures where Renaissance artists focused on human beings and creating realistic paintings and sculptures. In 1450 the printing press was invented and this made literature available to spe ctacular numbers of people. The Renaissance also saw an impressive development in make foring field, especially in Italy, England, Spain, and France. The English Renaissance was a time when language and literature flourished.This period is often called the Elizabethan period because world-beater Elizabeth was the major political figure. She reigned for forty-five years from 1558 to 1603. During this time the English were intrigued by language and hassock Elizabeth was an recreational linguist. Not only did the English love language they also had a love for the theatre. Two bully playwrights of the Elizabethan era were Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare. Christopher Marlowe, one of the most chief(prenominal) playwrights of the Elizabethan era, was known for perfecting a key atom to theatre dramatic poetry.Marlowes mighty line also known as his dramatic write in iambic pentameter developed strength, subtlety, and suppleness as swell as cracking lyric beauty. Marlow e wrote some(prenominal)(prenominal) plays including Doctor Faustus (c. 1588) Tamburlaine (Parts 1 and 2 c. 1587) and Edward II (c. 1592). Unfortunately this lyric genius life was cut piteous when he was stabbed to death in a tavern brawl in 1593. He died at the age of twenty- nine. The opposite great playwright of this era was William Shakespeare. Shakespeare appeared on the theatre scene around 1590 just close to the time Marlowe made his de scarce. He was a native of Stratford-on-Avon and his father was a glove aker and his mother was the girl of a prominent landowner and farmer. Shakespeare was educated in Stratford and he married Ann Hathaway. She bore him iii children and was several years older than Shakespeare. By the time Shakespeares third child was born(p) he leftfield his family and went to London where he first worked as an symboliseor and soon after became a playwright. He unite Senecan dramatic devices, the platform stage, powerful dramatic verse, source mat erial form English history, papistical history and drama, and episodic p serving structure and made all these elements into the most remarkable plays ever created.The theatres that were commodious during the Elizabethan era were common or outdoor theatres. The plays of Shakespeare and Marlowe were mainly performed in public theatres. These theatres where located after-school(prenominal) the city limits of London to avoid government restrictions. All levels of company attended public theatres and the most known public theatre was the Globe theatre because it was the home of Shakespeares plays. The theatres were make to hold a lot of people and the exact shape of the theatres varied.Depending on the shape of the theatres the public theatres could hold between 1,500 to 3,000 people. The stage of the public athletic fields was a raised platform that was closer to a contemporary thrust than to a proscenium stage. This considerate of stage was great for quickly changing locations from a bedroom to a battlefield. In the stage tale were trapdoors. Behind the raised platform was the stage house. The stage house also known as the devolve house was a three story building where changing costumes took place and for storing properties and set pieces.Other than the public theatre there were also private theatres. The Elizabethan private theatres were indoor spaces lit by candles and had high windows. offstage theatres were open to the general public and because they were smaller seating was limited so the private theatres were a fighting pricier than the public theatres. Costumes of the Elizabethan Era followed the conventions and traditions of medieval English theatre. During the English Renaissance the monarchy had strict laws and regulations for the playacting companies.Elizabethan acting companies could only have twenty five members and these members were organized on a sharing plan. There were three categories of personal in a company shareholders, hirelin gs, and apprentices. Shareholders were the elite members of the company and received a percentage of the troupes profits. Hirelings were actors that were employ for a certain amount of time and were paid a specific salary and played the little roles. Apprentices were the young performers. They trained for a profession and were assigned to shareholders. Players were a purple pleasure, and to please royalty was a major aim of the companies. The story of the companies between 1572 and 1642 is one of increasing royal favor and protection, from first 1572 principle which gave warrant to their quality, through the accolade of direct royal patronage after 1603, to final period when the royal protection ceased to be meaningful. There is, none the less, despite the royal favours and the origins of the companies in employment as entertainers large(p) mummers or boy choristers no question but that the profit motive was totally predominant (Gur 19).During this time there were no female p erformers. Womens roles were often played by boys or men. The exact time of the actresss debut is non known, but is usually assumed to be 8 December 1660, when it is known that a woman played Desdemona in a production of Othello by Thomas Killigrews world powers Company. A special prologue was written by the poet Thomas Jordon to introduce the first Woman that came to act on the stage in the tragedy called the Moor of Venice The Woman playes today, mistake me not, / No Man in Gown, or Page in PettyCoat.A week later one Andrew Newport wrote to Sir Richard Leveson that upon our stages we have women actors, as beyond seas (Howe 19). Companies would rarely perform the same play on two consecutive days and each company had to be able to revive plays in its repertory on very short notice. Because of this the actors were kept on their toes and extemporization was used frequently. Also to keep the actors memories refreshed plots or outlines of the dramatic action of the variant plays were posted backstage.Rehearsals were run by playwrights or leading actors and because rehearsal time was minimal the prompter became an addition to the production. Not only in England flourish in great age of renaissance theatre but so did Spain. In the 1550 to 1650 was the gilded Spain shape up. Spain became the leading of the New World because of its exploration and conquest of the new world. They controlled all of the Netherlands. But in 1558 it lost it power because of the defeat of Spanish Armada. The Spanish Armada was when Spain was going for the protestant of Queen Elizabeth in England.One of their difference between the Spanish and the English, was the theology drama. Spanish were the ones that practice more around non religion drama. The full-length secular, as to being three acts, which were comedias. Most of the comedias were about love and honor. One of the play writes of the Golden Age was Lope de Vega who was born on November 25, 1562 after Shakespeare. He wrote about 1,500 plays but said about 470 even-tempered today. One of his well known Punishment without Revenge that was written in 1631. Just a few years before he died on August 27, 1635.Another known play wright was Calderon de la Barca who was born in Madrid, Spain on January 17, 1600. He was known to be one of the greatest dramatists during the Golden Age. One of his well known plays was Life is a Dream that he wrote in 1636. In 1651 Calderon became a priest and still continue to write plays. May 25, 1681. During the Golden Age there were females that were playwrights, but their production was never presented. These playwrights were presented on a stage called Corrales. The Corrales were located in the courtyard by close together building.The Corrales had a affinity to the English public theater. They had an open- air space. One of the most known Corrales was located in Madrid, the Corral de la Cruz and the Corral del Principe. In the corral it held about 2,000 specters, 1,000 wer e for men and 350 for women, and the rest was for the government and the clergy. In the Golden Age only about sixteen to twenty performers. The Spanish did include the women also unlike the English. Although the church did not agree with women being performers, so the Spanish government had to eliminate women from acting.Only women who were married to one of the actors they could be subroutine of the performance. The Renaissance era of theater in France started later than it did on other countries such as England or Spain. In France, Renaissance theater did not start until the late seventeenth century, partially due to a civil war going on at the time between Catholic and Protestant parties, which was brought to an end in fifteen ninety four when King Henry the IV created the Edict of Nantes, which gave tolerance to both the Catholic and protestant religions.Now that there was religious stability and the political system was settled down, cut society was able to grow and flourish under King Louis XIV. During this time France sent expeditions to Canada and the Louisiana Territory in America. During this period of peace in france, the society was influenced greatly by the innovations and ideas of the Italian Renaissance. Many aspects of French theater were taken from themes of the Italian Renaissance. Even though there were many playwrights during this period, a few of the most important were Moliere, Pierre Corneille, and Jean Racine.Moliere was most widely known for his comedies while Corneille and Racine were known for their tragedies. Out of these three writers, Moliere was believably the most influential to the french Renaissance. He was not only a dramatist, but he in reality acted as well and headed up a theatrical troupe. His first couple ventures into theater were failures, but he soon learned from his mistakes and came back as one of the most influential playwrights in the history of French Renaissance.His work was strongly influenced by Italian co mmedia dellarte and uses this style in his plays such as Tartuffe, The misanthrope, and The Miser. This style uses exaggerated characters and makes fun of the exaggerations that the characters portray. Corneille and Racine also wrote some notable plays such as Corneilles play The Cid and Racines play Phaedra but some of their plays were looked at in a negative manner for their write style or lack of following the rules of playwriting at the time.The style of theaters and performance stages used in France during the Renaissance period were also unique. One notable theater was in the Hotel de Bourgogne. It was a long narrow platform stage which was the only indoor theater in Paris for almost a century until sixteen thirty four. There was also a strong Italian influence in the theaters in France as well. The amphitheaters were a good example of this. Even though the architecture differed slightly, they still consisted of a stage that endorse up to a wall with rows of bleacher like s eating in front of the stage.In the sixteen fifties, Louis XIV built a theater called the Hall Of Machines. This was the largest playhouse in Europe and enabled sets to be lowered onstage from above the stage. Even though the French Renaissance did not start as early as other countries, and some of their ideas were borrowed from other countries such as Italy, it still had an influence on theater and produced some great writers and actors such as Molieres work became prominent at the time. Corneille and Racines tragedies were also notable at the time.But despite the fact that France had some innovations in theater and some great plays, most of their theatrical traditions were intemperately patterned after the already established ways of Italian theater and designs. MLA Citations Sources http//www. cwu. edu/robinsos/ppages/resources/Theatre_History/Theahis_8. html VIII. The Theatre in France1500-1700, Scott R. Robinson Howe, Elizabeth. Chapter 1. The First English Actresses. Cambrid ge Cambridge UP, 1992. Viii+. Print. Gurr, Andrew. 2. The Companies. The Shakespearean Stage 1574-1642. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 1970. 1-183. Print.

Israeli Wars from 1948 to Present Essay

The 1948 strugglefare of Independence, which took place between November 1947 and July 1949, was started by a 6 calendar month civil war between Judaic and Arab militias at the end of the British mandate of Palestine. This turned into a regular war after the resolving of Independence and the intervention of several Arab armies. The five surrounding Arab nations i. e. Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon with support from Saudi Arabia launched a coordinated pom-pom on Israel from the land, sea and air. These countries were urged on by their leaders who assured them that they could return after all Jews had been drive out (Eisenberg 147).The Jews were, however, able to defeat Arab armies resulting in an armistice that was signed in 1949 signaling an end to the conflict. The truce agreements were signed between Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. They established the armistice lines between Israel and the West Bank also known as the Green line. The Sinai struggle of 29th October 1956 involved a military attack on Egypt by Britain, France and Israel. Israeli troops invaded Egypts Sinai Peninsula and quickly overcame opposition as they raced for the Suez Canal.Britain and France offered to temporarily occupy the Canal Zone and suggested a 10 mile buffer on either side to separate Egyptian forces from the Israelis. Egyptian chair Nasser objected and on 31st October 1956, Egypt was attacked by Britain and France. Consequently, the Soviet Union threatened to attack on Egypts behalf just now it took the intervention of U. S. President Eisenhower to get them to agree to a ceasefire. The war itself lasted for only a week with invading forces withdrawn within a month. The sise Day War took place in June 1967. It was fought between June fifth and June 10th.The war was against Syria, Jordan and Egypt as Israel believed that it was only a matter of time before the three Arab states attacked her. After the 1956 crisis, the unite Nations (UN) had established a military presence in the Middle East but in 1967, Egypt make it clear that the UN was unwanted in the region. Israel viewed this as a sign that Egypt was preparing to attack and rather than wait to be hit, they launched a hugely successful military campaign against its perceived enemies. Following the war, the territory held by Israel expand significantly and it now included the West Bank, Sinai, the Golan Heights and Gaza.The War of Attrition was a limited war that was fought between Israel and Egypt from 1967 to 1970. This war was initiated by Egyptians as a way of recapturing the Sinai from the Israelis who had been in control of the territory since the Six Day War. The Egyptian President believed that Israel would be unable to endure the economic burden and casualties of war. To this end, he order calibrated attacks on Israel which would not provoke an all out Israeli war response. The hostilities ended when a ceasefire was signed between the countries in 1970 with frontiers remaining in the same place as when the war began.The Yom Kippur War of 1973 is so called as it began on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur), the holiest day of prayer and fasting in the Jewish calendar. This war is variously referred to as the October War. It started with a surprise Arab attack on Israel knowing that the military would be participating in religious celebrations. Israeli forces were initially overwhelmed but by October 8th, bolstered by reserves, they counter attacked in the Sinai. They managed to push back the Egyptian military. The United Nations organized a ceasefire on October 24th and in family line 1975, Egypt and Israel signed an interim agreement.Still, there were no significant territorial changes. The First Lebanon War began on sixth June 1982 when Israeli forces invaded Southern Lebanon. The government launched military operations after an assassination attempt against Israels ambassador to the U. K. by a mercenary organization opposed to the PLO. Israel then attacked the PLO as well as Syrian and Muslim Lebanese forces before they occupied Southern Lebanon. The war ended after three eld in 1985 when Israel stabilized in the safety strap lengthwise along the border.The Second Lebanon War was sparked when al-Jihad guerillas ambushed an Israeli patrol on the border on July 12 2006. Israels Prime Minister Ehud Olmert stated his intention to free the captives and remove Hezbollah from Southern Lebanon forever and thus began an ultimately inconclusive month long war. During the short conflict, Israel lost 119 soldiers and 43 civilians whilst Lebanese civilians bore the brunt of the war with more than 1000 killed. The UN warranter Council unanimously approved UN Resolution 1701 on 11th August 2006 to end hostilities.

Brief History of Art Therapy

A BRIEF bill OF ART THERAPY Randy M. Vick This history of wileificeistic production therapy foc determinations on the precursory and continuing trends that claim shaped the surmise and practice and the literature that muses this tuition. Scholarship, like history, builds on the foundations l assistance by new(prenominal)s. I am indebted to the authors of quadruple other histories that I found to be dowryicularly useful in the preparation of this chapter.Both Malchiodi (1998) and Rubin (1999) have assembled histories based on contributing trends, as did Junge and A sayinga (1994) who have pro-vided extensive details on the personalities and politics baffling in the take a shitation of the American Art Therapy tie. My fourth primary source (MacGregor, 1989), while never intend as a handwriting about ruse therapy, has proven to be an excel-lent prehistory of the celestial orbit. Each of these references provided information as well as inspiration and I encourage readers to consult them for additional perspectives.Finally, it should be mention here that prowess therapy was not a phenomenon exclusive to the United States. Readers interested in blindistry therapys maturement in Europe should consult Wallers (1991, 1998) two books on this subject. History is like a tapestry with all(prenominal) colored thread contributing not only to the formation of the image but to the strength and expression of the fabric itself. Imagine for a moment a tapestry with bobbins of different-colored threads, each adding a hue that becomes p imposture of a new creation, and we can better understand the history of this region.INFLUENCES FROM THE DISTANT PAST AND NEIGHBORING field Art therapy is a hybrid civilize based primarily on the fields of art and psychological science, drawing off characteristics from each parent to evolve a unique new entity. But the inter weaving of the arts and healing is hardly a new phenomenon. It seems clear that this pairing is as o ld as kind society itself, having occurred repeatedly throughout our history across be doggedings and time (Malchiodi, 1998).The development of the profession of art therapy can be seen as the formal application of a long-standing human tradi-tion influenced by the intellectual and amicable trends of the 20th century (Junge & Asawa, 1994). 1 From the Realms or Art Art making is an inbred human tendency, so much so it has been argued that, like speech and tool making, this activity could be used to define our species (Dissana-yake, 1992). In his book, The Discovery of the Art of the Insane, MacGregor (1989) presents a history of the interplay of art and psychology spanning the last 300 years.This history covers theories of brainpower and insanity, biographies of mad artists, depictions of madness by artists, and the various attempts to reach an understand of the potential difference art has as an aid to psychological health treatment and diagnosing. In 1922, German psychiatri st Hans Prinzhorn (1922/1995) published The Artistry of the Men-tally III, a book that depicted and described the artistic productions of residents of in-sane asylums across Europe. This trim challenged both psychiatric and fine arts professionals to consider their notions of mental illness and art (MacGregor, 1989).Even today, debate rages inwardly the field variously titled outlander art/art brut/visionary art/folk art as experts struggle to blank work by self-taught artists (some of whom have experienced mental illness) within the art historical canon (Borum, 1993/1994 Russell, 2002). modern writers from art therapy and other disciplines continue to explore the notion of art practice for the purpose of personal geographic expedition and growth ( estrange, 1995 Cameron & Bryan, 1992 C.Moon, 2002) and to reevaluate the traditional boundaries between personal and public art (Lachman-Chapin et al. , 1999 Sigler, 1993 Spaniol, 1990 Vick, 2000). Medicine, Health, and Rehabilita tion Hospitals have long served as important incubators for the field of art therapy. For better or worse, medical model concepts such as diagnosis, disease, and treatment have had a strong influence on the development of most schools of thought within Western psychotherapy, including art therapy.While psychiatry has always been the medical specialty most closely confederative with the field, art healers have worked with patients being treated for AIDS, asthma, burns, cancer, chemical dependency, trauma, tuberculosis, and other medical and rehabilitation needs (Malchiodi 1999a, 1999b). Our understanding of the interplay between biochemistry, mental status, and creativity continues to evolve and a new medical specialty, arts medicine, has recently emerged 2 (Malchiodi, 1998). All this seems to suggest that art therapy will continue to have a role in exploring the connections between body and mind.TRENDS IN 19TH- AND 20TH-CENTURY PSYCHOLOGY For much of human history mental illness wa s regarded with fear and see as a manifestation of either divine or demonic forces. Reformers such as move in the United States and Pinel in France do great strides in creating a much humane environment for their patients. Freud, wrinkle, and others contributed to this rehumanization by theorizing that rather than being random nonsense, the productions of fantasy revealed significant information about the unique national world of their maker (MacGregor, 1989 Rubin, 1999).Building on these theories, many writers began to examine how a specific sort of productive productartcould be under-stood as an illustration of mental health or disturbance (Anastasi & Foley, 1941 Arnheim, 1954 Kreitler & Kreitler, 1972). opposite authors began recognizing the po-tential art has as a tool within treatment (Winnicott, 1971). Soon enough, the term art therapy began to be used to describe a form of psychotherapy that placed art practices and interventions alongside talk as the central modality of treatment (Naumburg, 1950/1973).The significance psychoanalytical writers placed on early childhood experiences make the crossover of these theories into education an easy one (Junge & Asawa, 1994). Some progressive educators placed particular focus on the role art played in the overall development of children (Cane, 1951/1983 Kellogg, 1969 Lowenfeld, 1987 Uhlin, 1972/1984). This trend toward the therapeutic application of art within educational settings continues today (Anderson, 1978/1992 Bush, 1997 Henley, 1992).PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND RESEARCH In addition to psychoanalysis and the rehumanization of the great unwashed with mental illness, one of the strongest trends to emerge within modern psychology has been the focus on standardized regularitys of diagnostic appraisal and research. Whether discussing the work of a studio apartment artist or the productions of a mentally ill individual, Kris (1952) argues that they both engage in the same psychic process, that is, th e placing of an inner experience, an inner image, into the outside world (p. 115). This method of projection became the conceptual foundation for a dazzling array of so-called projective drawing assessments that evolved in psychology during the 20th century (Hammer, 1958/1980). These simple paper-and-pencil tests, with their formalized procedures and standardized methods of interpretation, became widely used in the evaluation and diagnosis of children and adults and are cool off put oned to a lesser degree today (though often with revamped purpose and procedure). cardinal parallel opuss from this era are the relatively unbody structured methods of art assessment (Elkisch, 1948 Shaw, 1934) and the various preliminaryes to interpreting these productions (Machover, 1949/1980).The op localise of psychoanalysis on the early development of art therapy was pro-found. Hammers (1958/1980) classic book on drawing as a projective device illustrates the diversity within this area and the inclusion of two chapters on art therapy by pioneering art therapist Margaret Naumburg demonstrates the crossover of influences. Many of the more common stereotypes about art therapy (specific, assigned drawings fingers breadth painting and the role of the therapist in divining the true meaning of the drawings) can, in fact, be traced directly to this era. close to all the major art therapy writers from this time developed their own methods of assessment consisting of batteries of art tasks with varying levels of structure (Kramer & Schehr, 1983 Kwiatkowska, 1978 Rubin, 1978/1984 Ulman & Dachinger, 1975/1996). Even today, the notion that artworks in some way reflect the psychic experience of the artist is a fundamental concept in art therapy. Despite this common history, there are distinctions between the approach to assessment used in psychology and that found in art therapy.The key difference is the art therapy perspective that the making and believe of the art have inherent the rapeutic potential for the client, a position not necessarily held by psychometricians. In addition, art therapists tend to use more varied and communicatory materials and to deemphasize formalized verbal directives and stress the role of clients as interpreters of their own work. Finally, art therapists are to a fault quite an likely to improvise on the pro-tocol of standardized assessments to uit a particular clinical purpose (Mills & Goodwin, 1991). An emerging theme in the literature is the unique role the creative arts therapies can play in the assessment and evaluation of clients (Bruscia, 1988 Feder & Feder, 1998). Contemporary developers of art therapy assessments have abandoned ortho-dox psychoanalytic approaches in favor of methods that emphasize the communicative potential 4 of the tasks and materials (Cohen, Hammer, & Singer, 1988 Cox Frame, 1993 Gantt & Tabone, 1997 Landgarten, 1993 Silver, 1978/1989).Early art therapy researchers also looked to psychology and embra ced its empiri-cal approach for their research (Kwiatkowska, 1978). much recently, models from the behavioral sciences and other fields have been used as resources in conducting art therapy research (Kaplan, 2000 McNiff, 1998 Wadeson, 1992). THE exploitation OF THE ART THERAPY LITERATURE The development of any discipline is best traced through the evolution of that fields literature. The historians convention of by artificial means dividing time into segments is employed here to illustrate three phases of growth in the profession of art therapy. clear Period (1940s to 1970s) In the middle of the 20th century a largely independent assortment of individuals began to use the term art therapy in their writings to describe their work with clients. In doing so, these pioneering individuals began to define a discipline that was distinct from other, older professions. Because there was no formal art therapy training to be had, these early writers were skilful in other fields and mentored by psychiatrists, analysts, and other mental health professionals.The four leading writers universally recognized for their contributions to the development of the field during this period are Margaret Naumburg, Edith Kramer, Hanna Kwiatkowska, and Elinor Ulman. The lasting impact of their master works on the field is demonstrated by the fact that their writings continue to be used as original sources in contemporary art therapy literature. More than any other author, Naumburg is seen as the primary founder of American art therapy and is frequently referred to as the Mother of Art Therapy (see Junge & Asawa, 1994, p. 22).Through her early work in the groundbreaking Walden School, which she founded (along with her sister Florence Cane), and later in psychi-atric settings she developed her ideas and, in the 1940s, began to write about what was to become known as art therapy (Detre et al. , 1983). Familiar with the ideas of both Freud and Jung, Naumburg (1966/1987) conceived her dyn amically oriented art therapy to be largely analogous to the psychoanalytic practices of the day. The clients art productions were viewed as symbolic communication of unconscious material in a direct, uncensored, and concrete form that Naumburg (1950/1973) argued would aid in the resolution of the transference. While Naumburg borrowed heavily from the techniques of psychoanalytic practice, Kramer took a different approach by adapting concepts from Freuds personality theory to explain the art therapy process. Her art as therapy approach emphasizes the intrinsic therapeutic potential in the art-making process and the central role the defense mechanism of sublimation plays in this experience (Kramer, 1971/1993).Kramers (1958, 1971/1993) work in therapeutic schools (as opposed to Naumburgs psychiatric emphasis) allows for more direct application of her ideas to educational settings. Ulmans most outstanding contributions to the field have been as an editor and writer. She founded The Bul letin of Art Therapy in 1961 (The American Journal of Art Therapy by and by 1970) when no other publication of its kind existed (Junge &c Asawa, 1994). In addition, Ulman (along with her coeditor Dachinger) (1975/1996) published the beginning(a) book of quiet essays on art therapy that served as one of the few texts in the field for many years.Her gift as a writer was to precisely synthesize and articulate complex ideas. In her essay Art Therapy Problems of Definition, Ulman (1975/1996) compares and contrasts Naumburgs art psychotherapy and Kramers art as therapy models so clearly that it continues to be the definitive presentation of this core hypothetical continuum. The last of these four remarkable women, Kwiatkowska, made her major contributions in the areas of research and family art therapy. She brought together her experiences in various psychiatric settings in a book that became the foundation for working with families through art (Kwiatkowska, 1978). uniform Kramer, she had fled Europe at the time of World War II adding to the list of emigre thinkers who influenced the development of mental health disciplines in the United States. She also coauthored a short book that helped introduce the field of art therapy to the general public (Ulman, Kramer, & Kwiatkowska, 1978). Each of these pioneers lectured widely on the topic of art therapy and served as some of the fields first educators. It was also during this period that the first formal programs with degrees in art therapy were offered (Junge Asawa, 1994 Levick, Goldman, & Fink, 1967).Finally, it is important not to forget the other early pioneers working in other parts of the country, such as Mary Huntoon at the Menninger Clinic (Wix, 2000), who made contributions to the developing profession as well. 6 Middle Years Other Pioneering Writers (1970s to Mid-1980s) The 1970s through the mid-1980s saw the emergence of an increasing number of publications that presented a broader range of applications a nd conceptual perspectives (Betensky, 1973 Landgarten, 1981 Levick, 1983 McNiff, 1981 Rhyne, 1973/ 1995 Robbins & Sibley, 1976 Rubin, 1978/1984 Wadeson, 1980), although psychoanalysis remained a dominant influence.The development of the literature was also enriched during this period with the introduction of two new journals Art Psychotherapy in 1973 (called The humanities in Psychotherapy after 1980) and Art Therapy Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, in 1983 (Rubin, 1999). The in-creasing number of publications, along with the founding of the American Art Therapy Association in 1969, evolved the professional identity of the art therapist, credentials, and the role of art therapists vis-a-vis related professionals (Shoemaker et al. 1976). Contemporary Art Therapy Theories (Mid-1980s to Present) The art therapy literature continues to grow. In 1974, Gantt and Schmal published an annotated bibliography of sources relating to the topic of art therapy from 1940-1973 (1,17 5 articles, books, and papers), yet Rubin (1999) notes that in that same year there were only 12 books written by art therapists, a number that crawled to 19 some 10 years later. By the mid-1980s this pace began to increase so that there are now more than 100 titles available.Rubin (1999) also speculates that art therapists may be more comfortable with an intuitive approach than other mental health practitioners because as artists they pride themselves on their innate sensitivities, and tend to be antiauthoritarian and anti-theoretical (p. 180). Recently, approximately 21% of art therapists surveyed by the American Art Therapy Association described their primary theoretical orientation as eclectic, the single largest percentage reported (Elkins & Stovall, 2000).This position is in keeping with one delineated by Wadeson (in Rubin, 1987/2001) and should not be surprising in a field that itself draws from a variety of disciplines. The next five most frequently reported models psychodyn amic (10. 1%), Jungian (5. 4%), object relations (4. 6%), art as therapy (4. 5%), and psychoanalytic (3. 0%) all place a strong emphasis on intrapsychic dynamics, and this cumulative 27. 6% suggests that much contemporary practice is still sure by generally psychodynamic concepts (Elkins & Stovall, 7 2000).In a landmark book, Approaches to Art Therapy first published in 1987, Rubin (1987/2001) brought together essays by authors representing the diversity of theoretical positions within the field. Perspectives from these and other relevant sources are briefly summarized here. PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACHES The ideas of Freud and his followers (see Chapter 2, this volume) have been part of art therapy since the earliest days, although contemporary writers are more likely to concord terms such as transference and the defense mechanisms to articulate a position rather than employ classic psychoanalytic techniques ith any degree of orthodoxy. Kramer, Rubin, Ulman, and Wilson (all cited in R ubin, 1987/2001) and Levick (1983) all use psychoanalytic language and concepts. Interpretations of the newer developments in psychoanalysis such as the theories of Klein (Weir, 1990), self psychology (Lachman-Chapin) and object relations theory (Robbins) can also be found in the art therapy literature (both cited in Rubin, 1987/2001).With his emphasis on images from the unconscious, it was natural for Jungs concepts of analytical and archetypal psychology to cross over into art therapy (see Chapter 2, this volume). Work by Edwards and Wallace (both cited in Rubin, 1987/ 2001), McConeghey (1986), and Schaverian (1992) all reflect this emphasis. HUMANISTIC APPROACHES Elkins and Stovall (2000) suggest that only a small number of art therapists operate from a human-centred position (among humanistic, Gestalt, existential, and client centered the highest response was to the first category with 2. 9).Yet if these approaches can be delimitate as sharing an optimistic view of human natur e and of the human condition, seeing people in a process of growth and development, with the potential to take responsibility for their fate (Rubin, 1987/2001, p. 119), these figures belie a position held by many art therapists (see Chapter 3, this volume). Garai (cited in Rubin, 1987/2001) has written from a general humanistic position, Rogers (1993) and Silverstone (1997) use a person-centered model, and Dreikurs (1986) and Garlock (cited in Rubin, 1987) have qualified ideas first articulated by Alfred Adier.Other models that fall under the humanistic heading include existential (B. 8 Moon, 1990/1995), phenomenological (Betensky, 1995), and gestalt (Rhyne, 1973/1995) approaches. LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACHES Perhaps because they are perceived to be mechanistic, those psychological theories that emphasize learning tend to be less popular with art therapists. In the Elkins and Stovall (2000) survey, cognitive-behavioral (see Chapter 6, this volume), cognitive, developmenta l (Chapter 8, this volume), and behavioral received an ndorsement of over 2%. Yet there are art therapy authors whose work has been informed by these theories. Silver (2000) has written extensively on assessment using a cognitive approach, and the work of Lusebrink (1990) and Nucho (1987) is based in general systems theory. Art therapists working with children with emotional and developmental disabilities have also adapted concepts from developmental (Aach-Feldman & Kunkle-Miller, cited in Rubin, 1987/2001 Williams & Wood, 1975) and behavioral psychology (Roth, cited in Rubin, 1987/2001).FAMILY THERAPY AND OTHER APPROACHES A number of writers (Landgarten, 1987 Linesch, 1993 Riley & Malchiodi, 1994 Sobol, 1982) have strengthened on Kwiatkowskas early family work, particularly in California where art therapists become licensed as spousal relationship and family therapists. Riley (1999) also incorporates concepts from narrative therapy into her work (Chapter 5, this volume). Relation al (Dalley, Rifkind, & Terry, 1993) and feminist (Hogan, 1997) approaches question the hierarchy in the client/therapist relationship and empower-ing the client and have also shaped contemporary art therapy practice.Publications by Horovitz-Darby (1994), Farrelly-Hansen (2001), and McNiff (1992) reflect an emphasis on spiritual and philosophical concepts over psychological theory. Frank-lin, Farrelly-Hansen, Marek, Swan-Foster, and Wallingford (2000) describe a transpersonal approach to art therapy. Alien (1992) called for a reversal of the perceived trend in overemphasizing the clinical orientation and encouraged art therapists to focus on their artist identity. Writings by Lachman-Chapin (1983) Knill (1995), who espouses an expressive arts therapies approach (Chapter 8, this volume) and C.Moon (2002) reflect this studio approach to theory and practice. 9 CONCLUSION Every art therapist knows there is much to be learned from the process of making an artwork as well as from standing back and viewing the finished product. The tapes-try that is art therapy is not a dusty relic hung in a museum but a living work in progress. There is pleasure in admiring the work that has already been done and innervation in the weaving. It is my hope that readers can appreciate the processes and the products that have shaped this profession. 10