Floods in India Essay Example for Free

Floods in India Essay Floods are caused by weather phenomena and events that deliver more precipitation to a drainage basin than can be readily absorbed or stored within the basin. Acre-foot. Volume of water required to cover 1 acre of land (43,560 square feet) to a depth of 1 foot; equivalent to 325,851 gallons. Cubic feet per second (ft? /s). A unit of measurement expressing rates of  discharge. One cubic foot per second is equal to thedischarge  of a stream of rectangular cross section, 1 foot wide and 1 foot deep, flowing water an average velocity of 1 foot per second. Equivalent to 448. 8 gallons per minute. Discharge. Rate of flowa volume of fluid passing a point per unit time, commonly expressed in  cubic feet per second, million gallons per day, or gallons per minute. Drainage basin. A part of the surface of the Earth that is occupied by a drainage system, which consists of a surface stream or a body of impounded  surface water  together with all tributary surface streams and bodies of impounded  surface water. Land area drained by a stream or river. Flash flood. The result of heavy or excessive amounts of rainfall within a short period of time, usually less than 6 hours, causing water to rise and fall quite rapidly. Flood. An overflow or inundation that comes from a river or other body of water and causes or threatens damage. Any relatively high  streamflow  overtopping the natural or artificial banks in any reach of a stream. Flood frequency. Refers to a flood level that has a specified percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. For example, a 100-year flood occurs  on average  once every 100 years and thus has a 1-percent chance of occurring in a given year. Flood plain. A strip of relatively flat-lying land that borders a stream and is underlain by sediment carried by the stream and dropped in the slack water beyond the influence of the swiftest current. Flood stage. The  stage  at which overflow of the natural  streambanks  begins to cause damage in the reach in which the elevation is measured. Flood stages for each USGS gaging station are usually provided by the National Weather Service. Gage datum. An arbitrary datum plane that is established for a particular gaging station to which water-surface elevations can be compared. Gage height. See  Stage. Gaging station. A site on a stream, canal, lake, or reservoir where systematic observations of gage height or waterdischarge  are obtained by a gage, recorder, or similar equipment. Peak stage. The maximum height of a water surface above an established datum. Same as peak gage height. Precipitation. Rain, snow, hail, or sleet. Real-time data. Data collected by automated instrumentation and telemetered and analyzed quickly enough to influence a decision that affects the monitoring system. Recurrence interval. The average interval of time within which the magnitude of a given event, such as a flood, will be equaled or exceeded one time. Stage. The height of a water surface above an established datum. Used interchangeably with gage height. Streambank. The margins of a stream channel. Banks are called right and left as viewed facing the direction of flow. Streamflow. The discharge or flow that occurs in a natural channel. Although the term discharge can be applied to the flow of a canal, the word streamflow uniquely describes the discharge in a surface stream course. Surface runoff. That part of the runoff that travels over the soil surface to the nearest stream channel. It also is defined as that part of the runoff of a drainage basin that has not passed beneath the surface following precipitation. Surface water. Water on the surface of the Earth. Water year. The water year deals with the surface-water supply for a 12-month period, October 1 through September 30. The water year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends and which includes 9 out of the 12 months. Thus, the year ending September 30, 1999, is called the 1999 water year. NOTE:  Some definitions were excerpted from other sources. Terms 1. Current and historic stream water levels are reported as stage above a gage datum or as water-surface elevation above sea level. which is the addition of the stage to the gage datum.

Acid Rain :: Free Essay Writer

The Damaging Effects of Acid Rain Modern society is becoming overwhelmed with great amounts of pollution from cars, factories and an overabundance of garbage. The immense amounts of sulphur dioxide emitted into the air causes high levels of acid in the atmosphere. When this sulphuric acid is absorbed into moisture in the air, poignant rainfalls can be damaging to the external environment. Acid rain is destroying the world=s lakes, air and ecosystem. Acid rain is killing lakes and decreasing the number of inhabitants in these fresh water bodies. Acid rain causes an ample deduction in the pH levels in the water. At a neutral level the pH in water should be close to seven, yet in these acidic water bodies the pH levels can be as low as four. These pH levels of four contain more than ten percent acids than that of normal rain and one thousand times more acid than neutral water. Each decade the pH levels of lakes around Ontario have become ten times more acidic. The high acid levels cont ained in lakes also causes a decrease in the number of fish dwelling in these lakes. Also Aacid produces chemical changes in the blood of the fish, and their basic body metabolism is altered@ (Howard & Perley, 1980, p. 24), and can cause deformities in these inhabitants. They have twisted and arched backbones, flattened heads and strangely curved tails. In pH levels of four there is little left in the lakes besides rock bass, pumpkinseed and lake herring. Affected fish are also in danger of becoming sterile, which would put the species at risk of becoming extinct. As with sulphur dioxide in rain, mercury is also discharged into the water. There is a direct connection between the mercury rich lakes as there is with those with high acidic levels. This metal becomes concentrated in the blood and tissues of fish. Acid rain causes traumatic effects in natural lakes and rivers. Acid rain causes air quality to deteriorate. As in water, acid rain causes the pH levels in the air to decrease. The sulphur dioxide, which diffuses into the air, mixes with moisture causing the pH levels to drop from the normal level. Again, the normal level is somewhere around seven, yet in some acidic air masses the levels can be as low as three. These lowered pH levels form a photochemical smog in the atmosphere.

The values and ideologys that a Head Teacher should have

A leader is considered to be a individual who knows about the people being led and managed, pass oning values and precedences and patterning good pattern. Effective leaders adopt a strategic attack and lead by illustration. Most significantly they know that people are their cardinal resources and without them, there would be no organisation to take and managed ( Kydd, 2003 ) . An effectual headteacher should hold some basic features that distinguish him from the other staff of the school. As Smith ( 1993 ) implies, â€Å" an effectual headteacher has a vision and a mission for the school. He inspires committedness to the school ‘s mission and so gives way and aim to its work. He coordinates the work of the school by apportioning functions and deputing duties, promoting staff engagement in professional development programmes and makes usage of the accomplishments instructors get in these programmes † . He recognizes the work that is done by others ( particularly instructors ) and gives feedback and support whenever he considers necessary. He can therefore foster an apprehension of the school vision and set up the school clime. Ubben and Hughes ( 1992 ) stated that principals could make a school clime that improves the productiveness of both staff and pupils and that the leading manner of the principal can further or curtail teacher effectivity. Decidedly, a positive school clime can heighten staff public presentation, advance higher morale, and better pupil accomplishment ( Freiberg, 1998 ) . It may be considered as the one of the most of import constituents of the school reform. A positive school clime promotes higher academic accomplishment, helps pupils recognize and make their maximal potencies and by and large lend to the betterment and effectivity of the school. If principals are extremely skilled, they can develop feelings of trust, unfastened communications, collegiality, and advance effectual feedback. In the complex environment of schools, all headteachers need to understand instructors ‘ perceptual experiences of their behaviours. They must cognize and understand how to supply the foundation for making an atmosphere conducive to alter. They must besides be able to go witting of the demands of their instructors, authorise them to portion the vision, and enable them to make an effectual school clime. A skilled headteacher is the 1 that has sensitiveness towards personal jobs of the others. He is able to understand peoples ‘ demands, harmonizing to their background and their emotional issues ( Smith, 1993 ) . He is non merely a typical, professional headteacher, but besides a human with feelings and rules. Besides, by demoing involvement towards instructors ‘ and students ‘ jobs, he can cut down the employees ‘ negative attitudes in their school working environment and do both instructors and students feel valuable. In a school ‘s environment, good communicating and coaction between the instructors, is of great importance. Collegiality is strongly related with the mutuality of the instructors in the school. The good relationships among them are indispensable and critical, because, as Barth ( 1990 ) argues â€Å" relationships between them are the sine qua non that allow, stimulate, and sustain all other efforts at school betterment † . Andrew Hargreaves ( Bennett et al. , 1992, p.81 ) argues that: â€Å" Collegiality forms a important board of policies to reconstitute schools from without and to reform them from withinaˆÂ ¦ School betterment, course of study reform, instructor development, and leading development are all seen as being dependent, to some extent, on the edifice of positive collegial relationships for their success † . Sing the impacts of a positive clime in a collaborative school environment, we can non dissent with the above statement. It is true that when the interpersonal and professional dealingss of the school staff, and specifically instructors ‘ dealingss are good, so the communicating within the school flourishes. In instances where instructors develop friendly dealingss, discoursing non merely school ‘s affairs, so the communicating between them is improved, given that they interact non merely as co-workers but as friends excessively. From my small experience in schools, I have to state that in school environments, where instructors were really pass oning, their public presentation was much better comparing with those whose dealingss were non every bit collegial as they should hold been. After all as Willi Unsoeld, ( Johnson and Johnson, 1994, p.8:7 ) a celebrated mountain climber, one time said to a group of mountain climbers, â€Å" Pull togetheraˆÂ ¦ in the mountains you must depend on each other for endurance † . Teaching is strongly related with mountain mounting. Like mountain climbers, instructors should hold assurance to the abilities of their co-workers, back up the attempts that are made by the others, acknowledge their part and eventually believe that their competencies are being utilised and valued by the other instructors. It is doubtless acceptable and understood that the headteacher ‘s function in the procedure of bettering communicating in school is significant. He is considered to be the cardinal figure in enabling the development of human dealingss, particularly between instructors, developing to work within the school as a whole. Colin Riches ( Bush and West- Burnham, 1994, p.261 ) points out that â€Å" Effective direction has to get down from a full apprehension of the inside informations of how the communicating procedure impacts on every direction activity † . Because of the headteacher ‘s influence, it is of import that he or she communicate efficaciously with the others. However, in order for good communicating to be achieved, communicating channels should be unfastened both ways. By this I mean that the principal should be accessible to everyone in the school. Coursen and Thomas ( Smith and Piele, 1991, p. ) write that â€Å" it is of import for people to experience you are available and welcome personal contact with them † . Roger Major ( Smith and Piele, 1991, p. ) argues that â€Å" principals can utilize sincere congratulations whenever possible to make a more constructive ambiance in schools † . Indeed, acknowledging the work that instructors do in the school, can better the relationships between them, since the instructors will experience valued and appreciated. Even the negative feedback will non act upon school ‘s positive clime, if it is done in the right manner, like in a personal treatment and non in public. In reexamining the literature, we find that dialogue accomplishments are besides indispensable for an effectual headteacher who wants to cultivate good communicating and better the conditions in the school. Riches ( Bush and West- Burnham, 1994, p.260 ) defines dialogue as â€Å" a manner of accommodating involvements and cut downing struggle in state of affairss where people have to interact with one another but where no side is powerful plenty to enforce its will † . The headteacher should be able to snuff out all the struggles that may happen between the staff, and reconstruct the concerted clime in school ; therefore, it is so of import for the principal to avoid favoritism, be just, nonsubjective and diplomatic. From all written above, the function of the headteacher in the development of a positive, communicative and collaborative clime in schools is incontestible and undisputed. All these accomplishments are gathered in the definition of the headteachers ‘ function, given by Southworth ( Bush and Middlewood, 1997, p.40 ) who writes that: â€Å" The caputs take an active involvement in the instructors ‘ work and lives ; they attend to instructors ‘ person and corporate demands and involvements ; they set up ways in which staff can portion and speak about their work in the schoolrooms ( e.g. demoing assemblies, staff meetings, informal visits by the caput to instructors in their schoolrooms after school ) † . Acting in this manner, most of the headteachers seek to set up and keep an organisational civilization that facilitate openness, sharing and communicating in their schools.

Three Solutions to Deforestation Essay - 1077 Words

Three Solutions to Deforestation If a tree falls in the woods and no ones there to hear it, does it make a sound? Or rather, if a tree falls in the woods and no ones there to hear it, does anybody even care? This saying epitomizes the worlds current view on deforestation, most notably in the Brazilian Amazon, which is known as The Lungs of the Earth. Deforestation is defined as the long-term or permanent removal of forest cover, usually accompanied by burning, which is then converted to a non-forested land use. Deforestation doesnt just affect the indigenous people living in the Amazon or on a grander scale, the people of South America; rather, it arguably affects the entire world. More than 12 percent of the 2 million square†¦show more content†¦Secondly, people could be informed on the benefits of non-timber uses. If the rainforest is left untouched, medicines, animal products, nuts, rubber, fruits, oils, and firewood made from naturally felled trees could all be harvested without causing any further harm to the virgin forest. Recent studies have shown that the value of non-timber forest products usually exceeds the value of timber in tropical forests (Revington). More than 25 percent Unfortunately, many people don?t see the need to sell these products when they can just as easily cut down trees with almost 100 percent profit. As recently as October 31, 2001, two Brazilian men were arrested for illegally cutting down mahogany trees in the Amazon that would have netted them more than $7 million on the international market (www.greenpeace.org). This just proves that some people would rather make an easy dollar than try to save the world from devastation. Finally, the best way to conserve what?s left of the rainforest is an extensive recycling program. Companies all over the United States have been created with the specific goal of recycling everything from wooden pallets to newspapers to sawdust. Millions of trees could be saved if people threw their newspapers not into the garbage can, but into a recycling bin. Purdue has become mindful of recycling, with every computer lab on campus boasting at least two recycling bins that areShow MoreRelatedDeforestation And Its Effects On Deforestation Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesDeforestation is â€Å"the act of cutting or burning down all of the trees in an area.† The original area covered by forests was approximately six billion hectares, however the total area of land covered by forests today is only four billion hectares. The issue is only expanding, and its challenges are becoming tougher every day. In fact, approximately sixteen million hectares of forest disappear each ye ar. Forests cover more than twenty five percent of the world’s land, and more than half of that isRead MoreEffects Of Deforestation On The Environment1389 Words   |  6 PagesDeforestation is one of the many problems this world faces today. Many people are unaware of how harmful deforestation can be towards the environment and the animals that inhabit the area. Many people don’t even know what deforestation is and that it’s actually happening. To sum it all up, deforestation is the process of destroying forests by cutting them down or burning the trees down, destroying hundreds of acres in order to make more land available for other uses thinking that the benefits outweighRead MoreTrees on Earth699 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction: Some of the trees on earth have existed for longer than three thousand years. They have lived across history from even before the days of Jesus Christ. God has provided these trees with his care and has protected them from natural disasters. He saved them from everything ranging from droughts to floods. Yet, the Almighty wasn’t able to provide them with immunity from the foolishness and shortsightedness of man. The development of humanity and technology is causing the destruction ofRead MoreThe Environmental Problems Of Global Warming1486 Words   |  6 Pagesthose environmental problems and their possible solutions.† â€Å"Modern humans deeply influence the form and function of the ecosphere† (Hugget et al: 2004). During the twentieth century alone the world’s population increased from 1.65 billion to 6 billion and just now the worlds population stands at over seven billion. The rapid growth rate of the human population means that there are now many environmental problems such as pollution, deforestation, food and energy shortages, waste, water storageRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Big Problem1320 Words   |  6 Pageswarming impacts all of the life around us even though not many people recognize it. There are many problems that global warming will make to our environment and it has already impacted it over time. Although, there are many problems, there are also solutions to stop global warming. Climate change is most closely related to global warming and many scientists have found ways to try and put a stop to it. One of the biggest problems of global warming is the global climate change that is occurring. Some examplesRead MoreThe Environmental Issues Of South Africa1726 Words   |  7 Pagesproduction are in fact obtained through deforestation and is directly responsible for the severe environmental effects of such because of the clearing of the forests for production purposes. What is deforestation and why is it such a problem in the Southern African region? In the simplest words, deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land available for other uses. Given this definition, it can be understandable that deforestation causes harm to the environment by theRead MoreDeforestation And Its Effects On Society1308 Words   |  6 PagesDeforestation has been an increasing issue with the modern age. As new technologies and productions are introduced, space for forests and trees are removed dramatically. Although it offers massive economic benefit, it creates a portal to more issues, such as environmental and gas emissions, animal habitats, and local people in several third world countries. Contrary to popular belief, however, deforestation can also provide as a benefit. It allows people internationally to have access to a commonRead MoreArticle Review On Deforestation And Deforestation999 Words   |  4 Pagesstate.gov/habitat -loss. The article focuses on the habitat loss due to deforestation. The author talks about the different purpose of deforestation such as agriculture, forestry, or water projects that endangers the species that live in the area. The article is based on information taken from World Wildlife Fund, IUCN, and Red List. The information that the author provides is important and useful to the topic of deforestation. Overall, the article is well written and well researched. MainstreamRead MoreWorld At Risk Assessment : Describe Aspects Of A Geographic Issue Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pagesone on the internet or construct it yourself). You may include any other visuals such as photos, diagrams, cartoons. Global warming, waste, and pollution are big problems, but deforestation is one of the biggest. Deforestation is when large amounts of trees are cut down because of human wants. The leading cause of deforestation is cattle farming. Another big cause is the growth in population. This is a problem because the land becomes filled up with buildings that are occupied by large amounts of peopleRead MoreThe Production Of Animal Agriculture Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesmass production of animal farming locally in Australia and also world-wide. The two major issues that are continuous problem; is water usage and waste and also deforestation. The agriculture sector is the largest user of fresh water resources. In 2000, animal agriculture accounted for seventy percent of water use of water use and ninety-three per cent of water depletion worldwide (Kirby M. , 2013). Water is a necessity resource that needs to be used in farming, from growing grain for feed and for animals